Chapter 14: Medical Imaging Computer Science

One high-level, procedure-oriented language designed for coding business data processing problems is...

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language).

The oldest language for scientific, engineering, and mathematical problems is...

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation).

Computers typically measure processing speed as...

MIPS (millions of instructions per second)

RAM means...

Random access memory.

Each word of data in memory has its own...

address.

Systems software consists of programs that make it easy for the user to operate a computer to its best...

advantage.

Developed at Dartmouth College in 1964 as a first language for students BASIC (Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is an...

algebraic programming language.

Problems that can be expressed in terms of formulas and equations are sometimes called...

algorithms.

Computer programs that are written by a computer manufacturer, by a software manufacturer, or by the users themselves to guide the computer to perform a specific task are called...

application programs.

A general purpose programming language is one that can be put to many different...

applications.

The hexadecimal number system is used by assembly level...

applications.

storage is more...

archival.

A computer's processor (CPU) consists of a control unit and an...

arithmetic/logic (ALU).

Electric current, radiofrequency (RF), or light is used to transfer data through a physical medium, which may be a cable, a wire, or even the...

atmosphere.

To encode is to translate from ordinary characters to computer compatible characters - ...

binary digits.

Each space available for a 1 or 0 is called a...

bit.

In computer language, a single binary digit, 0 or 1 is called a...

bit.

When the computer is first turned on, nothing is in its temporary memory except a program called a...

bootstrap.

These two components and all other components are connected by an electrical conductor called a...

bus.

Bits are combined into groups of 8 bits, called a...

byte.

Bits often are grouped into bunches of eight called...

bytes.

Power of 2 notation is used in radiologic imaging to describe image size, image dynamic range (shade of gray), and image storage...

capacity

Analog refers to a continuously varying quantity; a digital system uses only two values that vary discretely through...

coding.

The sequence of instructions developed by a software programmer is called a...

computer program.

Computer programs are the software of the...

computer.

Main memory is the working storage of a...

computer.

The word computer refers to any general purpose, stored program electronic digital...

computer.

The word file is used to refer to a collection of data or information that is treated as a unit by the...

computer.

A basic characteristic of business data processing is the existence of large files that are updated...

continuously.

The software consists of the computer programs that tell the hardware what to do and how to store and manipulate...

data

The hardware is everything about the computer that is visible - the physical components of the system that include the various input and output...

devices.

In 1939 John Atansoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic...

digital computer.

Soft copy is the term that refers to the output seen on a...

display screen.

Telecommunications describes the transfer of data from a sender to a receiver across a...

distance.

The two types of RAM are...

dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM).

Read only memory (ROM) contains information supplied by the manufacturer, called firmware, that cannot be written on or...

erased.

In an all digital radiology department, the optical disc jukebox would replace the...

film file room.

Each of these symbols is used to represent a binary number or, more specifically, a set of...

four bits

Application programs are those written in a higher level language expressly to carry out some user...

function.

A typical x-ray image contains information about the patient, type of examination, place of examination and so on, stored in a place called the....

header.

Computers in radiology departments are typically used to store, transmit, and read...

imaging examinations.

Registers are contained in the processor that hold information that will be used...

immediately.

A terminal is an input/output device that uses a keyboard for...

input.

Interpreters make program development easier because they are...

interactive.

All data processed by a computer pass through main...

memory.

Each address is similar to a post office address that allows the computer to access data at specific places in memory without disturbing the rest of the...

memory.

C++ contains the entire C language, as well as many additions designed to support (OOP)...

object oriented programming (OOP).

With the use of one of these high level languages, a set of instructions can be written that will be understood by the system software and will be executed by the computer through its...

operating system...

A terminal is an input/output device that uses a display screen for...

output.

The operating system is that series of instructions that organizes the course of data through the computer to the solution of a...

particular problem.

A transistor is an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signals to...

pass.

A digital image stored in a computer is rectangular in format and made up of small squares called...

pixels.

Common output devices are display screens and...

printers.

The electronic circuitry that does the actual computations and the memory that supports this together are called the...

processor.

Compiled programs run faster because they create a separate machine language...

program.

Visual C++ and Visual Basic where created to create user-friendly Windows applications with minimal effort from the...

programmer.

Macros can be written or they can be designed in a fashion similar to that of visual programming -...

recording.

Teleradiology is the transfer of images and patient reports to...

remote sites.

The central processing unit (CPU) in a computer is the primary element that allows the computer to manipulate data and carry out...

software instructions.

Input hardware includes keyboards, mice, trackballs, touchpads, and...

source data entry devices.

An intelligent terminal has built in processing capability and RAM but does not have its own...

storage capacity.

CDs, DVDs, and flash drives are today's common transferable...

storage devices.

The contents of RAM are...

temporary.

The fourth generation of computers, which first appeared in 1975, was an extension of the...

third generation.

Second generation computers, which became generally available in about 1958, were based on individually packaged...

transistors.

First generation computers were vacuum...

tube devices.

Output hardware consists of devices that translate computer information into a form that humans can...

understand.

Input hardware converts data into a form that the computer can...

use.

A byte represents on character, digit, or other...

value.

Two bytes usually constitute a...

word.

Each pixel contains a series of 1s and 0s defining the gray scale or shade of that particular point on a digital...

x-ray image.

two words is a...

"chomp"!

The binary number system has only two digits...

0 and 1.

Memory is more...

active.

Word, Excel, iTunes, and Spider Solitaire are...

applications programs.

Third generation computers used integrated...

circuits.

A flash drive is also called a jump drive or...

jump stick.

Random access means data can be stored or accessed at random from anywhere in main memory in approximately equal amounts of time regardless of where the data are...

located.

Most spreadsheet and word processing applications offer built-in programming commands called...

macros.

A dumb terminal cannot do any processing on its own; it is used only to input data or receive data from a...

main or host computer.

Digital images are made of discrete picture elements, pixels, arranged in a...

matrix.

Storage is an archival form of...

memory

Sometimes half a byte is called a...

"nibble,"

C is considered by many to be the first modern...

"programmer's language.

A bit describes the smallest unit of measure, a binary digit...

0 or 1.

The set of hexadecimal numbers is...

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F

Computers ultimately understand only...

0s and 1s.

A gigabyte (GB) is approx...

1 billion bytes.

A megabyte (MB) is approx...

1 million bytes.

Microcomputer processing speeds usually are defined in megahertz (MHz), where 1 MHz equals...

1 millions cycles per second.

A terabyte (TB) is...

1024 GB.

A kilobyte represents...

1024 bytes.

A digital mammogram has # bit dynamic range

16

First generation computers are dated from 1939 to...

1958.

Pascal is a high-level, general purpose programming language that was developed in...

1971 by Nicklaus Wirth.

The size of the image is described in the binary number system by power of...

2 equivalents.

CD ROM drives used to handle only one disc at a time, but now, multidisc drives called jukeboxes can handle up to...

2000 CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray Discs.

A digital mammogram has 16 bit dynamic range, which means that the image is capable of displaying...

65,536 shade of gray

A single CD ROM (compact disk read only memory) typically can hold...

800 MB of data.