Chapter 14

40. Which of the figures below shows glacial lake-bed deposits? a. A c. C b. B d. D

a. A

29. Glacial ice forms when snow accumulates in large enough volumes to compact and force __________ out and __________ the ice crystal size. a. air; increase c. air; decrease b. water; increase d. water; decrease

a. air; increase

16. Mesas, buttes, and chimneys are all the result of a. cliff retreat. c. chemical weathering. b. wind erosion. d. deposition.

a. cliff retreat.

25. Which of the following hazards could lead to desertification? a. climate change c. landslides b. earthquakes d. flooding

a. climate change

43. Sea level __________ during glaciation and __________ during interglaciation. a. decreases; increases c. remains constant; decreases b. increases; decreases d. decreases; remains constant

a. decreases; increases

38. Cirques, horns, and Arêtes form from glacial __________ , whereas moraines, erratics, and till form from glacial __________ . a. erosion; deposition c. retreat; advance b. deposition; carving d. erosion; sublimation

a. erosion; deposition

27. An intermediate product in the transformation of snow to glacial ice is a. firn. c. ablation. b. deposition. d. terminus.

a. firn.

36. Which of the following scenarios would lead to glacial advance during a time of global warming? a. glacier in a depression that lies in shadows most of the day b. glacier in a valley on the leeward side of a mountain range c. glacier that caps the highest mountain on the planet d. continental glacier that covers an entire continent

a. glacier in a depression that lies in shadows most of the day

49. If a volcano were to erupt and release large amounts of ash into the air, the ash would __________, causing global temperatures to __________ . a. increase the albedo; decrease b. decrease the albedo; increase c. increase the greenhouse gases; increase d. decrease the greenhouse gases; decrease

a. increase the albedo; decrease

48. The loss of rain forests would __________ the concentration of greenhouse gasses, leading to an __________ in global atmospheric temperature. a. increase; increase c. decrease; increase b. increase; decrease d. decrease; decrease

a. increase; increase

39. What types of moraines are shown in the figure below? a. medial c. lateral b. terminal d. recessional

a. medial

7. Fine-grained sediment, such as dust and silt, is transported by wind in a.suspension. c.deflation. b.saltation. d.surface creep.

a. suspension.

18. The image below is of a __________ dune. a. transverse c. longitudinal b. star d. parabolic

a. transverse

6.Wind erosion can create a faceted rock known as a __________ as shown in the figure below. a.ventifact b.lag deposit c.yardang d.wadi

a. ventifact

26. __________ glaciers cover vast areas of land, whereas __________ glaciers are restricted to mountaintops. a. Alpine; continental c. Piedmont; cirque b. Continental; alpine d. Piedmont; valley

b. Continental; alpine

41. Today, continental glaciers are limited to Antarctica and a. Alaska. c. Canada. b. Greenland. d. Siberia.

b. Greenland.

35. Which types of features would be found in a glacially carved landscape? a. eskers, drumlins, cirques, and kettles c. cirques, arêtes, kettles, and tarns b. cirques, arêtes, horns, and striations d. drumlins, ground moraines, and arêtes

b. cirques, arêtes, horns, and striations

21. Which of the following human activities will lead to desertification? a. addition of fertilizer to soil c. over irrigating an area b. diversion of water from an area d. building a city in an area

b. diversion of water from an area

45. There have been __________ ice ages in Earth's history, with the latest one occurring in the __________. a. four to five; Pleistocene period b. five to six; Pleistocene period c. four to five; Proterozoic era d. five to six; Cenozoic era

b. five to six; Pleistocene period

32. Which of the following are formed when one glacier beheads another? a.Piedmont glaciers c.U-shaped valleys b.hanging valleys d.roche moutonnée

b. hanging valleys

12.Which of the following is an example of wind erosion? a. a large boulder sitting on the side of a dry streambed b. large piles of sand that move across the desert floor c. a fan-shaped pile of sediment at the mouth of a canyon d. deeply eroded arroyos that cover the desert floor

b. large piles of sand that move across the desert floor

37. Wind blows finer particles long distances from glacial environments, where they settle out to form a. firn. c. outwash b. loess. d. till.

b. loess.

23. The Dust Bowl event in 1933 resulted from which natural event? a. overpopulation c. bad farming practices b. long-term drought d. change in the course of rivers

b. long-term drought

9. Compared with humid climates, the rates of chemical weathering in deserts are a. much faster. c. very similar. b. much slower. d. too variable to understand.

b. much slower.

1.What type of deserts form on the leeward (dry) side of mountain ranges? a.tropical c.coastal b.rain-shadow d.subtropical

b. rain-shadow

24. The desertification of the Sahel region in Africa was the result of a. overcrowding by nomadic people. b. removal of grasses from the soil. c. drying out of the area by overpopulation. d. diversion of rivers to larger cities.

b. removal of grasses from the soil.

11.In the figure below, the sand grains are being transported by a. desertification. c. surface creep. b. saltation. d. deflation.

b. saltation.

13.Most of the erosion in desert environments is caused by a. wind. c. groundwater. b. surface water. d. salt wedging.

b. surface water.

15. Piles of sand that form simple, wavelike shapes are called __________ dunes. a. barchans c. star b. transverse d. parabolic

b. transverse

4.The deserts found in the western United States are primarily the result of being located a.in the subtropics. c.near the center of a large continent. b.within rain-shadows of mountains. d.next to a cold ocean current.

b. within rain-shadows of mountains.

44. You find evidence of changes in sea level along a coastline. How can you tell if they are the results of glaciers? a. Look for evidence of glacial till in the form of moraines, drumlins, kettle lakes, orstratified glacial outwash sediment. b. Determine if the sea level changes coincide with the advance of glaciers in the mountains nearest to the coastline. c. Determine the timing of the changes in sea level and look for evidence of changes in sea level in other places around the world. d. Determine if the area contains evidence of glacial erosion such as U-shaped valleys, striations, erratics, and rock flour.

c. Determine the timing of the changes in sea level and look for evidence of changes in sea level in other places around the world.

50. The Mars rover Curiosity has recently found evidence that there was liquid water on the planet's surface at some point in its history. Because we have not found any liquid water on the planet today, what does this imply about Mars? a. The planet was once covered entirely in liquid water. b. A drought must have removed all the water from the surface. c. The climate was once warm enough that the polar ice caps melted. d. The interior of Mars must be made entirely of liquid water.

c. The climate was once warm enough that the polar ice caps melted.

31. Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be shaped like the letter __________ , whereas valleys carved by water tend to be shaped like the letter __________ . a.V; U c.U; V b.V; C d.V; I

c. U; V

17. When fine-grained sediment is blown away as shown in the figure below, the coarser sediment left behind is known as a. a sabkha. b. ventifacts. c. a lag deposit. d. talus.

c. a lag deposit.

33. A glacier will always advance from its source area if the rate of accumulation is greater than the rate of a.subsidence. c.ablation b.erosion. d.uplift.

c. ablation

2.Deserts do not need to be in hot regions; they only need to be __________ . For example, deserts can form in cold, dry, __________ regions. a.dry; tropical c.arid; polar b.humid; polar d.humid; subtropical

c. arid; polar

46. An important long-term factor that determines whether glacial ice will form on a continent has likely been the proportion of which gas in the atmosphere? a. oxygen c. carbon dioxide B. nitrogen d. carbon monoxide

c. carbon dioxide

3.A desert may form along a coastline because a a.warm current warms and dries the air. c.cold current cools and dries the air. b.warm current forces hot air inland. d.cold current forces hot air inland.

c. cold current cools and dries the air

10.Desert varnish consists of a. pesticides and other pollutant residues. b. iron and magnesium sulfides. c. dust deposits affected by microorganisms. d. carbonate cements with iron impurities (e.g., siderite).

c. dust deposits affected by microorganisms.

51. What do geologists call the process that describes how continental glaciers melt away and the surface of the underlying continent rises back up? a. glacial subsidence c. glacial rebound b. ground patterning d. terminal moraine

c. glacial rebound

28. Which of the following involves the internal flowing of ice under generally solid conditions, via the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds? a. brittle flowing c. plastic deformation b. basal sliding d. plastic sliding

c. plastic deformation

34. You are hiking in your favorite forest when you encounter a surface that appears to have very fine directional scratches in it. What are these features? a. glacial till c. striations b. moraines d. scour marks

c. striations

14.Why is chemical weathering relatively rare in deserts? a. Chemical weathering requires much colder temperatures than are seen in deserts. b. Physical weathering occurs only in hot regions; thus it is more prevalent in deserts. c. Chemical weathering only occurs in the presence of salt water from the ocean. d. Chemical weathering most often involves reaction with water, which is rare in deserts

d. Chemical weathering most often involves reaction with water, which is rare in deserts.

5.Why do deserts form in polar regions? a. Increased albedo prevents evaporation. b. There is no vegetation to release CO2. c. There are no sources of water to evaporate. d. Cold air does not hold much moisture.

d. Cold air does not hold much moisture.

30. Which of the images below shows the oldest snow? a. A c. C b. B d. D

d. D

19. Imagine a flat, thick layer of rock salt in an outcrop. What can be determined about the sedimentary environment in which it was formed? a. It was an ocean. c. It was humid. b. It was a beach. d. It was arid.

d. It was arid.

42. During the last ice age, a __________ glacier covered much of the northern United States. a. piedmont c. mountain b. cirque d. continental

d. continental

22. Conversion of productive land to desert is known as a. deflation. c. degradation. b. saltation. d. desertification.

d. desertification.

20. Chimneys (also called hoodoos) and yardangs differ in that chimneys are __________ , whereas yardangs are __________ . a. formed by evaporation; formed by water erosion b. formed by water erosion; formed by evaporation c. fossilized trunks of saguaro and other large cactus; not d. remnants of cliff retreat; remnants of wind erosion

d. remnants of cliff retreat; remnants of wind erosion

47. The Milankovitch cycles describe the change in __________ because of changes in the __________ of Earth relative to the Sun. a. greenhouse gases; tilt c. albedo; precession b. eccentricity; orientation d. solar insolation; orientation

d. solar insolation; orientation

8.Physical weathering produces piles of broken rocks called a. inselbergs. c. caliche. b. arroyos. d. talus.

d. talus.