Chapter 15-26

counterculture

"Hippie" youth culture of the 1960s, which rejected the values of the dominant culture in favor of illicit drugs, communes, free sex, and rock music. *Self-indulgence and self-destructive behavior were built into this culture *Stood for personal liberation --> search for a way of life where friendship/pleasure > wealth *believed that the commitment to social change was a fulfillment of Christian values --> reflected religion in their "hippie" ways --> THESE ARE HIPPIES

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California. *loved nature

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson *16th Amendment *1912 Election

"patriotic assimilation"

**Big melting melting pot created in the US (*especially for European immigrants and their children) --> Millions of Americans moved out of urban ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves into the army and industrial plants --> people came into contact with others from very different backgrounds --> Native Americans wanted to show the people from elsewhere become "Americans"

Schenk v. US

*1919 - U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts - Schenk - distributed anti-draft pamphlets through the federal mail (*anti war guy) - US - says Schenk is a clear and present danger to the war effort - people would get a "go into the draft" pamphlet then Schnek would send them a "you don't have to go" pamphlet **Prosecuted him under the Espionage Act** --> Schenk goes to jail because the pamphlets are a "clear and present danger" EFFECT: *Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes set the now-familiar "clear and present danger" standard. *WEEK LATER ~ Supreme Court unanimously upheld the conviction of Eugene V. Debs for his speech condemning the war

What were the major differences between the 1st and 2nd New Deals?

*1st - economic recovery; "throw everything at the wall, see what sticks" * 2nd - focus on economic security (guaranteed Americans would be protected against unemployment and poverty); "see what worked and what didn't, *more targeted"

1968 election

*After all of the turbulent events of 1968, America experienced a conservative backlash - Nixon (lost last election) = republican who ran on a vision of stability, law and order, government reattachment, and peace with honor in Vietnam - Hubert Humphrey = democrat = *WHAT WAS HIS PLATFORM* - George Wallace = third-party candidate basing his campaign on conservative grievances. *Despite a last minute serge by Humphrey, Nixon pulled out a slight victory ==> SHOWED THAT LIBERALISM WAS NOW WANING

Berlin blockade and airlift

*Berlin had been Soviet Union, then US, Britain, and France came in and established Zones ==>1948 Soviets cut off all road and rail traffic between zones *Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. *In order to combat this, the United States began to AIRLIFT supplies into Berlin - lasted 11 months --> Planes landed every 15 minutes, 24 hours per day for almost a YEAR --> Helped to provide supplies that were needed, then took the stuff that needed to be exported from West Berlin and take it out --> Also took people out of West Berlin *When Stalin lifted Blockade in May 1949 - US got MAJOR victory --> East and West Germany formed (Berlin still divided)

Earl Warren

*California governor and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who took an activist stance - Presided over the internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII --> post-war he became a strong supporter of racial equality - signed the measure for all school laws being desegregated *Managed to create unanimity on a divided Court on Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Cesar Chavez & UFW

*Cesar Chavez: - son of migrant farm workers (followed MLK footsteps) - led a series of nonviolent protests, including marches, fasts, and a national boycott... ==> national boycott of California grapes HOPED TO pressure growers to agree to labor contracts with the United Farm Workers union (UFW) *UFW - mass movement for civil rights & a campaign for economic betterment --> Mobilized latino communities throughout US --> drew national attention to the low wages & poor working conditions of migrant laborers

In what ways did the Supreme Court change society's views of "freedom" in the 1960s?

*Court vastly expanded the rights enjoyed by all Americans and placed them beyond the reach of legislative and local majorities FREEDOMS: --> combatted racial inequality --> combatted religious inequality --> combatted gender inequality --> combatted sexual inequality ==> FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATION - added freedoms in the court (miranda rights, seperation of church&state) - right to privacy

Fair Labor Standards bill & the minimum wage

*Fair Labor Standards bill- failed to reach the floor for over a year - passed in 1938 --> banned goods made by child labor from interstate commerce --> 40 cents was the hourly minimum wage --> required overtime wage for 40+ work hours per week *Federal government regulated wages and working conditions

What led to the resurgence of the KKK?

*Idea that the enjoyment of American freedom should be limited on religious and ethnic grounds *Moved up to the North and out West --> with Great Migration *Increase in immigrants --> immigrants along with blacks were an issue *More feminist, uniniist, immorality, giant corporations movement --> threatened "individual liberty"

The Great War

*June 1914 - Serbian Nationalist assasinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire) --> Plunged Europe into War (Allies vs. Central Powers) *WWI--> huge blow to optimism and self confidence of Western Civilization

How did the 1928 election change political party demographics?

*Largely eliminates the distinctions between the Democratic party --> they've lost, lost, lost --> want to band together because their not that different, nobody's winning, and they need a chance!! *North - Industrial *South - Rural --> realize NOBODY is succeeding --> need to join together and WIN! --> realize they have a lot in common in context of the government getting involved!!

"bank holiday"

*March 1933: 4 day bank closure --> banks did not have money --> closed their doors -->banking had been suspended in many states (as more poor farmers flooded the banks to withdraw their savings) --> People couldn't get their money in their bank accounts "Bank Holiday" --> declared by Roosevelt --> temporarily halted all bank operations & Congress went into a special session *When banks were closed, truckloads of CASH were delivered to banks --> not to FULLY FUND but to just give them cash to hand out --> everyone could take a little bit out, but couldn't fully empty their funds *When banks re-open, they have BACKING --> allowed congress to pass Emergency Banking Act *While bank was closed - did a fireside chat - saying this is what's happening during the bank holiday and assured the people it will be ok --> Newspapers published pictures ==> This restored FAITH in banking

My Lai massacre

*Massacre of 347 Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai by Lieutenant William Calley and troops under his command --> U.S. army officers covered up the massacre for a year until an investigation uncovered it *Eventually 25 army officers were charged with complicity in the massacre & its cover-up --> only Calley was convicted (served little time) *published in 1969 by NY Times --> undermined public support for the war

"Women's Lib"

*Part of US's second wave of feminism -->argued women should have the same rights as men *Young women advocated for social equality and personal freedom --> personal freedom = sexual freedom, marriage conditions, beauty standards *advocated for by civil rights activists as well as student movements

Camp David Accords

*Peace agreement between the leaders of Israel (muslim) and Egypt (jewish), brokered by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. *Carter brought leaders of the two other countries to the presidential retreat @ Camp David and brokered a historic peace agreement *one true peace in the Middle East - the big success of Carter's foreign policy

What was Nixon's strategy on the war in Vietnam and what impact did it have abroad and at home?

*Policy = Vietnamization --> American troops would gradually be withdrawn --> South Vietnamise troops (backed by continued US bombing) did more&more fighting *didn't support war or anti-war --> anti-war protests still surged (colleges, see protests & brutality)

"modern Republicanism"

*President Eisenhower's domestic agenda - Claimed he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money --> Aimed to sever his party's identification in the minds of many Americans with the Great Depression ~ New Deal programs core = intact & EXPANDED *Helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs. *Consolidated and legitimized the New Deal

Gerald Ford

*President from 1974-1977 - He appointed his VP - Nelson Rockefeller of NY - Solely elected by a vote from Congress - only president NEVER elected - Pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed (unpopular move) - Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war - Urged americans to shop wisely, reduce spending, and wear WIN (Whip Inflation Now) buttons--> inflation fell but UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE *DID NEVER GET RE ELECTED* *Runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. - At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Why was there so much unrest in the U.S. after WWI and what was its impact?

*RUSSIAN REVOLUTION --> Follow communist manefesto by Karl Marx --> Pushing for Communism ==> Led to a fear of the rise of communism in US *WHY US afraid of Communism? - There is concern that a lot is changing (ex. what will happen when women can vote?) - Concern of STRIKING ~ large wave of strikes (why so many? why now?) --> Think that many people striking and they may be in favor of equality for *War Industries Board ~ set standards for everything --> had people "take one for the team" in hope of better wages post-war *JOBS DURING WAR... --> targeted blacks to move north to get jobs (GREAT MIGRATION) --> fill a lot of factory jobs --> many in military *all's well for blacks DURING war POST-WAR... - Whites come back --> want their jobs back (concerned because war is over --> don't need war materials --> factories laying people off => unemployment strike) -->What do blacks do? - stay back around where they were --> stay in ghettos ==> BIG DEPRESSION 1919/1920 DEPRESSION (1919/1920)... - blacks mad at whites - whites mad at blacks ==> think there should be an uprising --> lots of talk of socialism (basically communism) *anarchists ==> points to underlying problems post-WWI ANARCHISTS: "to build you must first destroy" --> send mail bombs to politicians --> RED SCARE RED SCARE (IMPACT)... Attorney General: A. Mitchell Palmer --> rounded up 5,000 people (mostly labor leaders) --> many deported w/o trial (like 700 deported) *many midnight raids ~ no one locality ~ took awhile to debunk--> got news eventually --> made people MAD --> said attorney general should NOT have right to deport people without trial --> Palmer not attorney general *WILSON GONE negotiating the Versailles Treaty --> took only democrats with him --> wasn't there to hold attorney general in place ==>Wilson gets BLAMED for not managing Palmer

Glasnost and perestroika

*Reagan's policy's for the Soviet Union which included reforming the political system and reinvigorating the economy --> Reagan pushed Gorbachev to spend more money - glasnost: political openness - perestroika: economic reform *LEADS TO CRUMBLING OF SU & END OF COLD WAR --> Attempted Coup --> Many countries now made moves to become democratic since soviets no longer supported (military&financial)

The Church Committee

*Senate hearings headed by Frank Church (Idaho) --> laid a bare history of abusive actions of every administration since the Cold War *Showed... - FBI had spied on millions of Americans who'd tried to disrupt the Civil Rights movement - CIA had conducted secret operations to overthrow foreign gov'ts & tried to kill foreign leaders ==> HIGHLIGHTED ABUSE OF POWER *EFFECT: - led congress to enact new restrictions on CIA & FBI's power --> couldn't spy on US citizens --> couldn't conduct foreign operations without knowlege of lawmakers --> strengthened Freedom of Information Act (FIOA) - citizens get access to (many) federal records

Stonewall Riots

*Stonewall Inn = A gathering place for New York's gay community *Riot = 1969 police raids and resulting riots --> police harassed gays *launched the modern gay rights movement --> led many gays to come out and insist that their identity was a matter of rights, power, and identity

Port Huron Statement & SDS

*Students for a Democratic Society: Major organization of the New Left, founded at the University of Michigan in 1960 by Tom Hayden and Al Haber. *Port Huron Statement: A manifesto by Students for a Democratic Society that criticized institutions ranging from political parties to corporations, unions, and the military-industrial complex, while offering a new vision of social change.

Watergate

*Washington office and apartment complex that lent its name to the 1972-1974 scandal of the Nixon administration --> 5 burgalers (former employees of Nixon's reelection) broke in to the Democratic Party HQ --> BUGS (got arrested for going back IN and taking them OUT - not putting them in!) *Showed Nixon had a history of wiretapping, break-ins, and attempts to sabotage political opposition --> Nixon had tapes of convos. in his office --> were demanded --> Nixon didn't want released, but reviewed ==> Saturday Night Massacre ==> undermined Nixon's standing *When his knowledge of the break-in @ the Watergate and subsequent cover-up were revealed --> he had payed off the burglars to remain silent and FBI to stop investigation --> Nixon resigned the presidency under threat of impeachment *SHOWED ABUSE OF POLITICAL POWER ==> ALOT LESS DISTRUST IN THE GOV'T

What was the impact of Wilson's 14 points and the Versailles Treaty?

*Wilson UNABLE to achieve a just peace based on the 14 points 1918 - Versailles Peace Conference - Drew Up Treaty What 14 points DID do: - Established the League of Nations - Applied principle of self-determination to Eastern Europe and redrew the map of that region -->Some Eastern European areas got ethno-linguistic unity, others got combinations of diverse nationalities What 14 points FAILED to do: - Negotiations were done in SECRET (vs. open as said in 14) - Treaty was a HARSH document --> bascially guarenteed future conflict in Europe - Lloyd George (France) convinced Wilson to agree to Germany's War Guilt clause --> made them pay huge reparations --> crippled German economy

Herbert Hoover

*Won 1828 Election *Republican - wanted prosperity and to banish poverty from earth *Progressive - but preferred private agencies to direct regulatory and welfare policies, and gov't intervention in economy ("associational action) BACKGROUND: *Gained a fortune as a mining engineer, coordinated overseas food relief post WWI *Served 3 terms as NY governor *Published "American Individualism" - said gov't regulation interfered with the economic opportunities of ordinary Americans; said self-interest should be subordinated to public service

Great Depression

*Worst economic depression in American history; it was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until World War II.

Affluent Society

*a lot of stuff to buy, and a lot of money (/people) to buy stuff *Out of Depression, Out of war, LIFE = GREAT *Brought upon by factories helping supply war-destroyed Europe with supplies - REALITY: --> everything's going GREAT --> GI bill played a HUGE roll - UNDERSIDE --> only going great if you're WHITE (white middle class suburbs)

affirmative action (& "reverse discrimination")

*affirmative action: - Policy efforts to promote greater employment opportunities for minorities - got many minorities into the work force --> blacks got into more skilled jobs --> Helped blacks elevate in society *reverse discrimination: - Belief that affirmative action programs discriminate against white people --> Predominantly white labor unions had an issue with black inclusion --> STILL AN ISSUE TODAY (colleges) *@ WHAT POINT DOES BECOMING INCLUSIVE BECOME EXCLUSIVE?? --> ongoing battle today since it was created 60 years ago!

The Election of 1936

*class divisions CLEAR - Roosevelt - Democrat - said economic royalists established tyranny on the common man; economic rights are necessary for liberty - Alfred Landon - Republican - Kansas governor who used to support Progressive Roosevelt - denounced social security and other measures as threats to individual liberty *Roosevelt won 60% of the popular vote --> success came from New Deal Coalition (diverse group of supporters)

The Second New Deal

*focus on economic security - guaranteed Americans would be protected against unemployment and poverty - said the government should not plan business recovery, but try and redistribute national income to sustain mass purchasing power in the consumer economy WHAT CONGRESS DID: - levied a high publicized tax on large fortunes and corporate profits - Brought electric power to homes that didn't have it (through the creation of the Rural Electrification Agency) - Promoted soil conservation and family country --> said farmers = root of nation's prosperity *Transformed relationship between the federal government and American citizens (instead of when gov't should intervene, now HOW => ++ gov't responsibility)

"bread and roses" strike

*had a great impact on Public consciousness - in Lawrence, Mass —> had wool mills w/ 32,000 men women and children working —> passed law in January 1912 that said there was a 50 hour workweek LIMIT —> employers then reduced the pay of workers who had worked the longer hours —> February —> strikers sent their children out of the city for the duration of the walkout (taken in by NYC socialist families) —> seeing the starving, pale children made many take pity on the strikers —> led governor of MA to intervene *strike settled on worker's terms Banner - "we want bread and roses too" - saying that the workers want higher wages and the opportunity to enjoy the finer things of life too

"supply-side" or "trickle-down" economics

*relied on high interest rates to curb inflation and lower tax rates, especially for businesses and high-income Americans, to stimulate private investment --> assumed that cutting taxes would inspire all citizens to work harder because they would keep more of the $$ they earned

What was the impact of the New Deal on Women? Blacks? Indians? Mexican-Americans?

*welfare projects were extremely segregated and often excluded minorities* Women: - more women joined government --> Eleanor Roosevelt - turned 1st lady into a job that was a base for political action *increased scope of civil rights, labor legislation, work relief -women included in most programs, but male-headed households were considered the backbone of society Blacks: - were segregated from a lot of benefits - "southern veto" - got lesser benefits, if any - community thought they didn't deserve benefits - Wellfare became a negative connotation - now had competition with unemployed whites - Unemployment rate 2X white unemployment rate --> benefitted disproportionately - FDR not PERSONALLY help blacks; appointed people to direct national attention to racial injustices - OVER YEARS - black voters now favor Democrats and New Deal Indians: - Received many benefits from John Collier - Radical shift in their policy - living conditions did not improve Mexican Americans: - their labor became WAY less in demand --> either went home or were urged to go home --> 1/5 of the population of US Mexican Americans went home --> those that remained worked in bad conditions in California's fruit and vegetable fields - leaders struggled to find a balance between their white American benefits and Mexican American heritage

"the American Plan"

- "open shop" --> a workplace both free of government regulation and unions (sometimes had "company unions" - created & controlled by management) *trying to dissuade workers from unions --> worked! REMEMBER: even some still employed strikebreakers, private detectives, blacklisting of union organizers to prevent/defeat strikes

Panama and the "Canal Zone"

- 10 mile strip of land along the panama canal, governed by the U.S - Helps facilitate movement between naval and commercial vehicles *Columbia refused to cede (1903) --> Roosevelt helped set a Panama uprising --> US gunboat told Columbians couldn't supress rebellion *Canal helped ALOT

Anthracite Coal Strike ("Square Deal")

- 1892--> workers @ Pullman train car factory went on strike (high end luxury train ride) because they were not payed well --> people that worked @ Pullman were skilled, high-end employees/workers *Strikers were workers ON the cars and BUILT them -->George M. Pullman --> goes to president (Cleveland) --> asks the president to bring in federal troops so they go back to work --> president says that because they aren't breaking any federal laws, there is no need to bring troops --> Pullman pissed--> goes back to try to end the strike *ISSUE ~ no trains would NOT move if there is a pullman car on the train --> Pullman decides to contact the Post offices, and they put a sack of US mail on every car --> Went back to president and says they are impeding federal mail --> that's a federal crime --> president sends troops in and breaks up the strike 1902--> eastern Pennsylvania owner asks Roosevelt to break up strike --> says NO INSTEAD--> he goes in and brings troops in and tells owner and Union leaders to sit and agree AGREEMENT ~ owner reduces hours and betters wages BUT going forward the Union cannot represent the people going forward ==> this is a SQUARE DEAL --> fair for both sides *Roosevelt came in and acted as a mediator

Hepburn Act

- 1906 —> gave ICC the power to examine railroads business records and set reasonable rates *significant step in the development of federal intervention in the corporate economy

workmen's compensation laws

- 1913 —> 22 states enacted these laws - benefitted male or female workers injured on the job *first wedge that opened the way for broader programs of social insurance *ISSUE: state minimum wage and working regulation laws usually applied only to WOMEN —> for men it was seen as degrading (didn't have anything to regulate their standard of living)

assembly line ("Fordism")

- 1913-> Ford's factory in Highland Park, Michigan adopted moving assembly line production method —> car frames were brought to workers on a continuously moving conveyor belt *enabled ford to expand output by greatly reducing the time it took to produce each car 1914-> raises his factory's wages to $5/day (over double the norm) —> allowed him to attract a steady stream of skilled laborers (*Ford said "workers must be able to afford the goods being turned out by American Factories") FORDISM: early twentieth-century term describing the economic system pioneered by Ford Motor Company based on high wages and mass consumption.

Warren G. Harding

- 1921 president *Platform: "return to normalcy" after an era of Progressive reform and WWI PROS: - gov't lowered taxes on personal incomes & business profits - maintained high tariffs - supported employers continuing campaign against unions - reflected "get rich quick" policy CONS: - MOST CORRUPT IN US HISTORY - Cabinet = respected men AND croanies who used their offices for private gain - some would accept payments to not prosecute accused criminals - criminal secretaries

Calvin Coolidge

- 1924 president --> won in a landslide - Governor of MA --> gained national fame for using state troops against striking Boston policemen in 1919

"Scottsboro Boys"

- 1931 - 9 black men accused of raping 2 white women --> little evidence; one women said it wasn't true --> still went to trial 3X, 3rd verdict stood --> 4/5 imprisoned *greatly expanded the definition of civil liberties --> defendants have a constitutional right to effective legal representation --> states cannot systematically exclude blacks from juries

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

- 1933 New Deal public work relief program that provided outdoor manual work for unemployed (young) men, rebuilding infrastructure and implementing conservation programs. The program cut the unemployment rate, particularly among young men. -->really helped to enhance American environment --> could work wherever; but family back home would get $, wherever they were --> didn't require much/really any education, or even speaking english ex) building ski trails, building Grand Canyon trail, built churches, etc. --> designed for *young people got out there and got after jobs wether they made sense or not--> some didn't work; we remember the ones that worked

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

- 1934 - 30 AFL leaders called for the creation of unions of industrial workers --> AFL convention of 1935 refused --> head of United Mine Workers, John L. Lewis, led a walkout --> Walkout produced the CIO - Umbrella organization of semiskilled industrial unions, formed in 1935 as the Committee for Industrial Organization and renamed in 1938. - Aimed to secure economic freedom and industrial democracy for American workers, a fare share in the wealth produced by their labor, and a voice determining their working conditions

John Maynard Keynes and "Keynesian economics"

- 1936 - challenged economist's traditional belief in the sanctity of balanced budgets --> said large scale government spending was necessary to sustain purchasing power and stimulate economic activity during downturns --> this spending would be enacted even when the government spends more money than it takes in (downturns) *Said that if you infuse cash into the system --> you will create jobs --> jobs will pay taxes --> basically job loans money into the people ==> country's "jump start" --> put money in & it will build itself *it may produce inflation, but it will get itself under control (a little inflation > people starving) - a little inflation, but it was ok *April 1938 - Roosevelt took this advice - asked congress for billions more money for work relief and farm aid ==> Keynesian Economics Roosevelt: "if we do nothing, it will get worse" --> accepted that prices MAY go up, but that was ok -->stop crisis now, and worry about it in the long time

Korematsu v. US

- 1944 Supreme Court case that found Executive Order 9066 to be constitutional. - Fred Korematsu, an American-born citizen of Japanese descent, defied the military order that banned all persons of Japanese ancestry from designated western coastal areas --> wouldn't present for internment - The Court upheld Korematsu's arrest and internment --> said it wasn't based on race (it WAS) --> said it was a issue of national security

Taft-Hartley Act

- 1947 law passed over President Harry Truman's veto EFFECT: - reverse gains from past decade's organized labor movements (*WEAKEN LABOR UNIONS) - banned closed shops - forced union officials to swear they weren't communists

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- 1948 - approved by UN assembly - drafted by a committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt *Identified a broad range of rights enjoyed by people everywhere - freedom of speech - religious toleration - protection against arbitrary government - social and economic entitlement: right to an adequate standard of living and access to housing, education, and medical care *Didn't have enforcement mechanism BUT had a core principle - the nation's treatment of its own citizens should be subject to outside evaluation

Korean War

- 1950-1953 - in WWII Korea was divided into two zones - Soviet and American --> evolved: Soviet became the communist North Korea and the American became the anticommunist South Korea - June 1950 - North Korea invaded South Korea to unify under communist control --> Truman administration offered force to repel the invasion *Wanted to unify the Koreas under a pro-American government EFFECT: - 1953- ended in an armistice agreement - restored pre-war status quo (*NO formal peace treaty) - 33,000 Americans died - 1 million Koreans died - 2 million civillians died - Hundreds of Chinese soldiers died *SHOWED THAT COLD WAR HAD BECOME A GLOBAL CONFLICT

Betty Freidan & The Feminine Mystique

- 1963 book widely credited with sparking second-wave feminism in the United States --> congress began to address the gender discrimination & combat it - Author Betty Friedan focused on college-educated women, arguing that they would find fulfillment by engaging in paid labor outside the home

Barry Goldwater

- 1964 - Senator of AZ & Republican contender against LBJ for presidency - platform: lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964 -->lost by largest margin in history (Democrats called him an extremist who'd repeal Social security and risk nuclear war) *Was able to carry 5 deep south states & other racist people in the government --> appealed to white's pro-segregation => MILESTONE OF NEW CONSERVATISM

Watts riots

- 1965 - day after LBJ signed Voter Registration Act - the first large race riot since the end of WWII - in Watts section of LA - a riot broke out --> result of a white police officer striking a black bystander during a protest. -->triggered a week of violence and anger revealing the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them *Results = many dead, hundreds injured, and MUCH property destroyed *Led LBJ to investigate causes of rioting ==> "segregation and poverty" and "white racism" --> didn't suggest change ==> BIG wealth gap between whites and blacks

War Powers Act

- 1973 Law - reflected growing opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War *required congressional approval before the president sent troops abroad *most vigorous assertion of congressional control over foreign policy in US history

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

- Administrative body created in 1933 to control flooding in the Tennessee River valley, provide work for the region's unemployed, and produce inexpensive electric power for the region. --> built dams to prevent floods and deforestation, provide cheap electric power for homes and factories in a 7-state region where many families still lived in isolated log cabins *Put federal government for the 1st time in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies

"Americanization"

- America becoming full of many different immigrants (cultures, religions = DIVERSE) --> wanted to create a more homogeneous national culture *many immigrants coming from europe (escape WWI +/or devistation from WWI) *WHAT are we trying to teach kids? 1 - no other languages allowed in schools but english 2- try to dampen down all sorts of other cultural festivals/celebrations *NOT JUST ADDING AMERICAN CULTURE, BUT REPLACING THEIR OLDER CULTURE (stamp out)

"Americanized"

- Americans demanded immigrants abscond on their traditional cultures and become "Americanized" --> adopt the American way - not only the physical learning english & culture -->Also an attitudinal issue --> "if you don't become American we think of you as lesser & you might lose out on job opportunities and advancement in the job" - Nobody is helping the Immigrants ~ "Come and be like us or don't" Immigrants needed EDUCATION (for english)

"Black Power" (and Stokely Carmichael)

- BLACK POWER: Post-1966 rallying cry of a more militant civil rights movement first used by SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael during a civil rights march in MI --> supported black operated schools that combined traiditonal learning w/ African American heritige --> emphasis of electin of more black officials ==> ++ more *"Black is beautiful" *Malcom X fathered this idea

War Industries Board

- Board run by Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch that planned production and allocation of war material, supervised purchasing, and fixed prices - 1917-1919 - wanted to maximize efficiency - Had different administrations for different industries *COLLABORATION (not gov't imposing or taking over) between government and business --> trying to agree on how to regulate industry for war --> came up with agreements --> came up with administrations --> gov't is buying a lot of stuff = came up with rules of how gov't pay for it and what the price should be for this stuff *Made things go smoother *BIG ramp up to war effort (KEY)

Dr. Francis Townsend

- California Physician - Won wide support for a plan in which the government would make a monthly payment of $200 to older Americans, with the requirement that they spend it immediately --> wanted to boost the economy *sign of popular discontent that helped spark the Second New Deal

"human rights" foreign policy

- Carter's foreign policy (more aligned with Woodrow Wilson - moral diplomacy) - Supports the protection of the fundamental human rights & keeping them active --> foreign policy theory NOT based on anticommunism but kindness toward humans *DIDN'T REALLY WORK --> the BIG ideal was the camp david accords

Committee on Public Information

- Created in 1917 by the Wilson administration to explain to Americans and the world that ''the cause that compelled America to take arms in defense of its liberties and free institutions.'' - Filled US with pro-war propaganda - Based on Progressive appeal of social cooperation and expanded democracy (said after war everyone would have an 8 hour work day and living wage)

HUAC

- Created in 1947 - House Un-American Activities Committee - Launched hearings about communist hearings in Hollywood *Many famous people said the movie industry harbored many communists EFFECT: - many who were accused of communism and refused to "name names" were blacklisted (denied employment) by Hollywood studios (200+ total)

Free Silver (bi-metalism)

- Democrat and Populist supported presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan (congressman) believed in the "free coinage" of silver & condemnation of gold - *unrestricted mining of silver money* —> hoped it would increase the amount of $$ in circulation and raise prices farmers got from their crops and make it easier for them to pay off their debts *Issue of inflation... --> argued AGAINST because they were simply ADDING silver to the money not replacing it (adding a million of silver to the remaining of silver) --> argument FOR was that when you printed more paper on top of adding silver the value of the $ would STILL go down *farmers ok with this, but people on fixed incomes NOT ok with it (only get a dollar a week, but now dollar buys less...) BIG IDEA: PERCEPTION adds value --> perception is that silver doesn't value as much as gold and then the dollar would be worth less **republicans insisted that gold was the only "honest" currency

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

- Democratic President --> won 1932 election vs. Hoover (Prez until 1945) - believed regional economic development like that in the Northwest would promote economic growth, ease the domestic and working lives or ordinary Americans, and keep control of key natural resources in PUBLIC (rather than private) lands - Spend LOTS of money on public works and housing projects - Oversaw the transformation of the Democratic party --> unified under the belief that the government should help protect the people (against the issues of Capitalism...) - promised a balanced federal budget - didn't want prohibition

James Earl ("Jimmy") Carter

- Elected President - 1976 - Former Democratic governor of Georgia - unknown before he ran for president ==> used to his advantage *Goal: make government more efficient, helping environment, raising the moral tone of politics, supported Civil Rights (elected many blacks to important positions)

ERA

- Equal Rights Amendment *revived movement by the second-wave feminists --> it'd guarantee women's freedom in public sphere - Said that equality under law INCLUDED equality on the rights of sex --> sent to states for ratification (had no restriction from congress) *Protests thought it'd discredit the role of wife & home maker for women --> SHOWED A DIVISION AMONG WOMEN & BATTLE OF SEXES *FAILED TO ACHIEVE RATIFICATION*

Rosie the Riveter

- Female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self reliant --> depicted in Normal Rockwell's famous magazine cover - with men off to fight, women now made up 1/3 of the work force --> got more opportunities --> joined unions, demanded equal pay, maternity leave, and child-care facilities - Elenor Roosevelt - 1st lady - "spokeswomen" for women in America --> said she'd only be interviewed by women reporters --> said women needed benefits to go into work ~ beginning of childcare - figuring out that women had a lot to offer wasn't just for men to figure out --> also for women to figure out *supported the unprecedented mobilization of "woman-power" during WWII *Beginning of a whole NEW understanding of women in the workplace, women in society ISSUES: - men in the army thought they could return to their normal family life, but women were used to working and raising a family - issues with balancing femininity with working - guys thought that it would be ~distracting~ - stereotypes that they're "women" *White males still in the work force --> tried to keep blacks and women segregated --> women really only got a "taste of freedom"

United Auto Workers (UAW)

- Fledging CIO union - Started the sit down strike -->striking workers refused to work and refused to leave factories, making production impossible; proved highly effective in the organizing drive of the CIO *Demonstrated unity for cause *Flint, Michigan - General Motors - nerve center for car production --> UAW conducted a sit down strake - cleaned plant, oiled idle machinery, & settled disputes among themselves --> worker's wives shuttled food into the plant --> February 11, GM agreed to negotiate with UAW --> By the end of 1937, UAW claimed 400,000 members EFFECT: -->spread the idea throughout industrial America --> spoke of a "rate of pay commensurate with an American standard of living"

NAACP

- Formed by W.E.B. DuBois and a group of (mostly white) reformers who were shocked by a lynching in Springfield, IL - Launched a long struggle for enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendment - Had a monthly Magazine (The Crisis) --> Encouraged blacks to "close ranks" and enlist in the army

AIM (American Indian Movement)

- Founded in 1963 by Native Americans who were fed up with the poor conditions on Indian reservations and the federal government's unwillingness to help. - 1973 --> AIM led 200 Sioux in the occupation of Wounded Knee --> After ten-week standoff with the federal authorities, the government agreed to reexamine Indian treaty rights and the occupation ended *WANTED: greater tribal self-government and restoration of economic resources guaranteed in treaties *EFFECT: many Indian tribes got greater control of economic & educational development on reservations

NOW (National Organization of Women)

- Founded in 1966 by writer Betty Friedan and other feminists *STOOD FOR: abortion rights, nondiscrimination in the workplace, equal oppertunity (jobs, education, politics), "false image of women," and other forms of equality for women ~Civil Rights for Women

Vietnam

- French trying to regain Vietnam post war (was part of French IndoChina pre-WWII) - Japanese leave Vietnam --> WWII bombing --> leave *US trying to prevent communism --> $ for France for recolinization --> this is EXPENSIVE for France and the US doesn't send troops --> US ends up telling France to recognize Vietnam's independance *Geneva Accords --> North & South vietnam, elections in 4 years --> Unify *US tampers with the election to support southern anti-communist government; sends $$$$

Election of 1988

- George Bush - Republican (winner) - Michael Dukakis - Democrat *Both groups brutally came after each other through TV ads, rumors, etc. --> Bush was elected on the strength of his association with Regan (VP) --> TV & Media = KEY

How did the war change the government's role/relationship with regard to business and labor?

- Government made federal agencies to help the war effort (War Production Board, War Manpower Commission, Office of Price Admission) --> helped regulate allocation of labor, control shipping, make manufacturing quotas and fix wages, prices, and rents --> Federal workers rose from 1-3 million (unemployment rate dropped) BUSINESS: *MOST people who went into gov't jobs went into WAR (soldiers) --> 16 million troops --> biggest government employment EVER - much machinery was produced from factories ~ a lot of funds went into manufacturing areas and industrial centers - government sponsored scientific research led to many inventions (inventions helped with war) --> took advantage of people coming over from Germany, etc. (think EINSTEIN) ---> MANHATTAN PROJECT - made Atomic Bomb - shipyards received federal funds --> many businessmen were put on track after depression LABOR: - Government forced employers to recognize unions (under 3-sided arrangement with government, business, and labor) --> union membership soared *WITH most of the working men off to war...other people began to work in factories 1) Blacks (1st) 2) Women (2nd) --> promoted by gov't (Rosie the Riveter) *Economy was finally put on track after depression

"new immigration"

- Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries and Asia arriving in the late 1800s (*Peaked during Progressive Era) *1901-1914-> 13 million immigrants to US (mostly from Italy, Russia, and the Austria-Hungarian empire *1840-1914-> 40 million people emigrated to US (additional 20 million to other parts of Western Hemisphere) CAUSES: In Rural southern and Eastern Europe and large parts of Asia... - widespread poverty - Illiteracy - burdensome taxation - declining economies - political turmoil at home (ex. 1911 Mexican revolution) **1910-> 1/7 of American Population was foreign born

The Great Migration

- Increased wartime production + drastic falloff of immigration from Europe = thousands of industrial jobs OPEN to black laborers for the first time - 1910-1920 - 500,000 blacks left the south WHY THEY LEFT: - higher wages in northern factories - education opportunities for their kids - escape threat of lynching - right to vote ...were still restricted and dissapointed

Marcus Garvey & "Garveyites"

- Jamacian immigrant who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association --> pro-African independence and black self-reliance --> insisted Blacks should enjoy the same internationally recognized identity enjoyed by other peoples after the war *viewed by other black leaders as a agitator *deported for mail fraud

US v. Butler

- January 1936 - Heart of AAA: gave farmers money to not plant stuff - so the soil would recover **QUESTIONABLE: ~ went out and slaughtered pigs ~ when nation was starving ~ people who worked on other people's land didn't get money ~ Started to regulate prices - gov't has never regulated prices before ~ executive would regulate prices...SHOULD be directed by congress... - Declared the AAA an unconstitutional exercise of congressional power over local economic activities -->Pulled AAA apart and did it in pieces & did it again

How do historians describe the 1920s and why?

- Jazz Age or Roaring 20s --> 19th century moral rules GONE (flappers, speakeasies, etc.) --> prosperity for many --> good economy *DRAMATIC economic growth --> HUGE output of goods from "Ford Style" factories (new & old industries thrived) --> American economy produced much of world's cars and manufactured goods

Indian New Deal

- John Collier, the commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), increased the access Native Americans had to relief programs and employed more Native Americans at the BIA. -->He worked to pass the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934 (diluted version of Collier's original proposal, did not greatly improve the lives of Native Americans) - ended policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy - replaced heritage elimination boarding schools with schools - greatly increased spending on Indian health - Indian land no longer divided up by families & sold (Act) --> Radical shift in Indian policy; living conditions didn't really improve

Bretton Woods

- July 1944 - International meeting - In the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire - Participants agreed that the American dollar would replace the British pound as the most important international currency - Created the World Bank: provided money to developing countries and to help rebuild Europe - Created the International Monetary Fund: worked to prevent governments from devaluing their currencies and to gain an advantage in international trade (as many had done during depression) --> both serve to promote promote rebuilding after World War II and to ensure that countries did not devalue their currencies --> both hoped to encourage free trade, growth of global economy ==> still emphasized in today's American foreign policy

"Big Three"

- July 1945 - Conference that took place at Potsdam (near Berlin) *Representatives - Soviet Union - Stalin - US - Truman - Great Britain - Churchill (was replaced midway by Clement Attlee - became PM)

Selective Service Act

- Law passed in 1917 to quickly increase enlistment in the army fo the US's entry into WWI - required men to register with the draft *FIRST draft (wasn't one before it) -->registered people, people volunteered

Hubert Humphrey

- Led Democratic platform in 1948 - Young Minneapolis mayor --> party liberals overcame southern resistance and added a strong civil rights plank to the platform --> HE PROPOSED THE DIXIECATS WALK OUT

Gulf of Tonkin resolution

- Legislation passed by Congress in 1964 in reaction to "supposedly unprovoked" attacks on American warships off the coast of North Vietnam --> made up incident between a local Vietnamese boat and a US ship *gave the president unlimited authority to defend U.S. forces and members of SEATO *almost unanimous decision *DECLARATION OF WAR --> made up event so that congress supports war (congress was told that US ship was fired upon)

How did the Great Depression affect the country?

- Many investment companies destroyed (had been created to buy and sell stock) - Many investors wiped out - Greatly reduced business and consumer confidence - Global Financial system suffered as well --> Banks failed in the Industrial world (depositors took out money) - MANY families lost their life savings - value of all the goods and services of the country went down by 1/3 - prices of goods went down by 40% - 25% of labor (11 million people) lost their jobs - people who still had jobs had WAY less hours and MUCH LOWER wages Ex) US steel shares fell from $200 Ex) Rockefeller's lost 4/5 of their family fortune -------------------------------------- EFFECT: - 100s of thousands took to the road to look for jobs - Starving people lined streets of cities - many families were evicted from their homes --> moved to shantytowns (Hoovervilles) that sprang up in parks and abaondened land - people didn't pay taxes *Soviets needed skilled workers --> 100,000+ Americans applied - Many Americans moved from cities to farms --> rural areas became poor - Suicide rate rose to highest ever; birth rate fell to lowest ever -------------------------------------- WHAT PEOPLE DID: - blamed themselves - protested (WWI veterans eventually marched for the bonus they NEVER got --> were forced away by soldiers)

Anti-abortion movement

- Many religious institutions were anti-abortion (catholics, protestants, etc.) --> thought of it as murder *Fought against feminist's pursuit to control their own body (pro-abortion) *Bitter political issue --> 1976 - no more federal funding for abortions (over Ford's veto) --> many abortion clinics/doctors faced violence

Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire

- March 25, 1911 - fire broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company ~ make shirts out of cotton ~ very flamable ~ cotton (lint) + hot machinery = explosion/fire (in the top 3 floors of a 10 story building) - 500 workers —> tried to escape but doors to stairs were locked (so the owner could discourage theft and unauthorized bathroom breaks) *stairwells were blocked by goods - fire department's ladders could only reach 6 floors up —> women jumped **46 died from jump; 100 burned alive in the building (Not worst fire disaster but MASSIVELY impacted public consciousnesses) EFFECT: *Photography is a thing ~ public could see the crumpled bodies & disctruction - efforts to organize city's workers accelerated - increased attention to social divisions

Emergency Banking Act

- March 9 - Passed in 1933, the First New Deal measure that provided for reopening the banks under strict conditions and took the United States off the gold standard. *Provided funds to shore up threatened institutions *after Act was passed and bank holiday --> across the country deposits succeeded withdrawals (though not true for every single bank, banks continue to fail) *Showed people had faith that the bank wasn't going to fail

Father Charles E. Coughlin

- Mid-1930s "radio priest" - Had millions of listeners for his weekly broadcasts that... --> attacked Wall Street bankers and greedy capitalists --> called for government ownership of key industries as a way of combatting the Depression *was a supporter of FDR, but became very critical of him as he considered the New Deal a failure to promote social justice --> his crusade later shifted toward anti-Semitism and support for European Fascism

Executive Order 9066 (Japanese internment)

- Military persuaded FDR to issue in 1942 - sparked by exaggerated fears of Japanese invasion of West Coast *That spring & summer - authrotities removed 110,000 Japanese men/women/children (not those living in Hawaii - made up 40% of population there) --> Most were US citizens --> Went to camps far from their homes CAMPS: - almost military discipline - lived in former horse stables, makeshift shakcs, or barracks from barbed wire fences - woke up early, ate in giant mess halls --> people still tried to make it home-y by bringing and decorating it with posessions *Largest violation of American Civil liberties in the 20th century -->no court hearings, no due process, no writs of habeas corpus *revealed stubborn hold of racism in American life

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

- New Deal legislation passed in 1933 that established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies; declared unconstitutional in United States v. Butler (1936). --> government could set production quotas for major crops and pay farmers to plant less in an attempt to raise farm prices PROS: - raised farm prices - raised incomes - money flowed to property-owning farmers - helped unused land recover CONS: - people who worked on other people's land didn't get money - paying farmers not to grow crops--> encouraged the eviction of thousands of poor tenants and sharecroppers - many crops already destroyed - 1933 - government ordered 6+ million pigs to be slaughtered under this (weird at a time of widespread hunger...)

Warren Burger

- Nixon appointee as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1969) - failed to overturn earlier liberal Court decisions as Nixon hoped

National Security Council

- Office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers - Formal members: president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense,*managed by the president's national security assistant *TO HELP PROTECT FROM SOVIET UNION *EFFECT OF TRUMAN DOCTRINE

Title IX

- Part of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972 that banned gender discrimination in higher education *during Nixon's years

PWA (Public Works Administration)

- Part of the National Industrial Recovery Act - A New Deal agency that contracted with private construction companies to build roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. *Had $3.8 billion for this *more CONSTRUCTION projects --> need materials: creates jobs within themselves --> take a few years to build; creates confidence that they'll be employed for awhile --> instills confidence --> people will allow them to do/purchase more

FHA (Federal Housing Authority)

- Post-Depression -many living in overcrowded slums or ramshackle rural dwellings (lost homes, building new homes basically not happening...) - A government agency created during the New Deal to guarantee mortgages, allowing lenders to offer long-term (usually thirty-year) loans with low down payments (usually 10 percent of the asking price). The FHA seldom underwrote loans in racially mixed or minority neighborhoods. --> issued millions of long-term mortgages by private banks --> built thousands of units of low-rent housing --> veterans administration came within reach for tens of millions of families ==> became cheaper for most Americans to buy single family homes (vs. apartments) *Begun the process of RED LINING --> bad (mostly people of color, immigrant, poor white) neighborhood "outlining" --> still present today in cities

W.E.B. DuBois

- Progressive scholar and activist for Black rights - believed that educated blacks ("1/10 of the black community") had to use their education and training to combat inequality - Believed investigation, exposure, and education, as well as political action would solve societal problems - Organized Niagara Movement - wanted to reinvigorate abolitionist tradition

Why did progressives support the war?

- Progressives saw the war gave them a possibility of reforming American society along scientific lines, instill a sense of national unity, and self sacrifice, and expanding social justice - thought that American power could now spread Progressive values across the globe --> Progressives now rallied to Wilson's support (to support war)

What were the implications and problems with Americanization?

- Public&Private groups of all kinds worked to Americanize immigrants --> since they were fearful adults were "stuck to their ways" --> focused on kids - Public schools Americanized immigrant children ISSUES: - lack of respect for immigrant subcultures - the US had no distinctive culture --> came from a mixing of ideas, nationalities, ethnicities, etc. - New ideas from war said certain groups of immigrants should be excluded altogether (ex. IQ) - NOT apply to non white-immigrants or to blacks

Election of 1960

- REPUBLICANS: Richard Nixon -Eisenhower's former vice president (for 8 years) --> Wanted to close missile gap --> VERY AGAINST SOVIET UNION --> More "america is for americans" (lowkey highkey anti-blacks) - DEMOCRATS: Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy --> Wanted to close missile gap --> VERY AGAINST SOVIET UNION --> More "America had room for change" (lowkey highkey pro-civil rights) *Both candidates about the same age; entered congress at same time --> both similar on foreign policy BUT different on civil rights *didn't talk about civil rights directly because didn't want to alienate a entire group of voters OVERALL: - economy = keep it going - soviets = anti-soviets "vote for me!" --> KEY differences on debates *The four presidential debates were televised and watched by approximately 75 million Americans (those who listened on Radio thought Nixon won; but b/c of Nixon's poor appearance on TV - those who watched the debate KNEW FDR won) --> TV = LIVE *RESULT: - Kennedy won a narrow victory --> VERY close in popular vote *NEW IDEA OF PRESIDENCIES - Cult of personality --> Nixon - formal, dry, meticulous lawyer, very careful in his speaking, spoke to basic traditional values ==> came across as a old school guy --> JFK - talked very differently, had a young attractive wife, had attractive kids, he was attractive ==> TV ALLOWS PEOPLE TO HAVE CULT OF PERSONALITY

Ronald Reagan

- Republican who won this presidential election --> said he'd end stagflation & reestablish US as a global power *first divorced man who ran for president - stood for religious right, family values, states tights *DID NOT SUPPORT EQUAL/CIVIL RIGHTS

suburbs

- Residential construction was a main engine of economic growth in the 1950s --> # of houses in US doubles in the 1950s ~ mostly built in suburbs

Election of 1980

- Ronald Reagan (republican) won a sweeping presidential election - Jimmy Carter (democrat) lost because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation - VERY unpopular by end of his presidency (worse than Nixon) *significant because the Senate had Republican majority and more seats in the house allowing them to pass many key Republican programs. The 1980 election ended a half-century of Democratic dominance of Congress. (p. 655)

"Square Deal"

- Roosevelt's domestic program - attempted to confront the problems caused by economic consolidation by distinguishing between "good" and "bad" corporations GOOD = US Steel & Standard Oil (because they served the public interest) BAD = greedy financiers untreated only in profit (said they had no right to exist)

Carter Doctrine

- Soviet Union sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan to support a friendly gov't threatened by Islamic rebellion --> Iran became an unwinnable conflict with mounting casualties at home *Example of declining US power* ==> US declared this invasion the greatest crisis since WWII (exaggerated) --> Carter Doctrine *Carter Doctrine --> said the US would use military force (if necessary) to protect it's interests in the Persian Gulf **DID THIS LEAD TO THE MIDDLE EAST COFLICT??**

United Nations

- Successor to league of nations - Established in 1945 - 1945 - 51 countries representatives met in San Francisco - Adopted UN Charter -said no force or threat of force is a means of settling international disputes - Organization of nations to maintain world peace - Headquartered in New York. --> aimed to be a general assembly/discussion where everybody gets equal say --> also had a Security council that would be responsible for maintaining world peace

Tet offensive

- Surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops - well organized uprisings in cities throughout South Vietnam - during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968 (late January) *turned American public opinion strongly against the war in Vietnam.

Dollar Diplomacy

- Taft's foreign policy that promoted the spread of American influence through loans and economic investments from American banks

Treaty of Versailles

- Treaty signed at the Versailles peace conference after World War I WHAT WILSON WANTED: -League of Nations to discuss and try to prevent war (group of countries that are supposed to be united to starting war again) - free trade - self-determination~right of people to decide if they want to be part of/become a nation (carved up middle east/ottoman empire; old borders? new borders?)--> leads to WWII ==> Wilson didn't get ALL but got League of nations, free trade, self-determination --> brought to senate --> senate REJECTED --> think that League of Nations will DRAG US INTO WAR AGAIN --> treaty NEVER ratified --> NEVER join League of Nations WHAT IT DID: -Established President Woodrow Wilson's vision of an international regulating body - Redrew parts of Europe and the Middle East - Assigned economically crippling war reparations to Germany (said Germany guilty for causing war) *Failed to incorporate all of Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Black Tuesday & the Great Depression

- Tuesday, October 29, 1929 - Stock market crashed *stock market panic in 1929 that resulted in the loss of more than $10 billion in market value in five hours (worth approximately ten times more today). One among many causes of the Great Depression. *was not JUST this day --> then continued to get worse

What was the connection between human rights, segregation, and the Cold War?

- US and USSR didn't accept outside interference in internal affairs COLD WAR: - United States nor the Soviet Union could resist emphasizing certain provisions of the Universal Declaration while ignoring others. - Soviets claimed to provide all citizens with social and economic rights, but violated democratic rights and civil liberties -->Americans condemned these nonpolitical rights as a path to socialism.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

- US knew japan would attack --> didn't know when *WHY: ~happening in the 1930s~ - Japan wanted to be MAJOR POWER in the Pacific (MAIN) ~Growing in its empire around Southeast Asian Coast (into French IndoChina, etc. - France does nothing because it's in depression) - OIL ~FDR threatening to cut off oil as they more down the Coast ~US fleet threatening to mobilize to stop expansion -->Japan wants to prevent the US from doing anything about the Japanese expansion by 1945/46 (they'd of already got all the places they want) --> Goes after the fleet (really powerful) that's planning to mobilize them (*PEARL HABROR) *December 7, 1941 - Japanese planes bombed US Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (1st attack from a foreign power on American soil since War of 1812) - Japan wanted to be established as a dominant power in the region --> was a response to FDR's threats (potential that US would intervene in Japan's business) - Japan and Germany ~allied~ but they worked in separate spheres (Germany wasn't very happy, but we dk) - Japan believed that they had a very good reason to bomb the US --> we sent what we had to Japan (lost, lost, lost, lost) - we aren't that powerful...until we are... EFFECT: - 2,000 American service men dead - 187 aircraft destroyed/damaged - 18 naval vessels (8 battleships) damaged or destroyed "Day to go down in infamy" --> US declared war on Japan --> Germany declared war on US *US ENTERED WWII* --> FDR's "moment" to get into war

housing segregation

- Upper, Working, and Industrial suburbs --> 90% of suburban whites lived in communities with less than 1% non-white ==> segregation was an effect of decisions by government, real-estate developers, banks, and residents -->EX) barred non-whites from having mortgages, no re-sell houses to non-whites, barred from suburbs etc.

Executive Order 8802

- War showed a birth of a new Civil Rights movement - African Americans were MAD they were almost completly excluded from jobs in war industries (that expanded quickly) --> called for a march on Washington --> Wanted access to defense employment, end to segregation, national antilynching law ==> THIS SCARED GOV'T FDR's RESPONSE... *Executive Order 8802 - banned discrimination in defense jobs - established a Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliances --> by 1944 they got 1 million blacks into these jobs

"Liberal internationalism"

- Woodrow Wilson - Said economic and political progress went hand in hand (more american investment and trade abroad LEADS TO greater worldwide conviction) *shows shift from 19th century tradition of promoting freedom primarily by example to active intervention to remake the world on the American image

"Moral imperialism"

- Woodrow Wilson's idea for US foreign policy --> said foreign policy should be guided by morality, and should reach other peoples about democracy *Wilson used this belief to create the Dollar Diplomacy & justify many military interventions in Latin America

"brains trust"

- a group of academics that included a number of Columbia University professors -->saw bigness as inevitable in a modern economy *IMPORTANCE??

Coxey's Army

- a march in Washington organized by Jacob Coxey, an Ohio member of the People's party. - Coxey believed in abaondening the gold standard and printing enough legal tender to reinvigorate the economy. - The marchers demanded that congress create jobs and pay workers in paper currency not backed by gold

Sunbelt

- an arc that stretched from the Carolinas to California (nonunion, low-wage states) - During the postwar era, much of the urban population growth occurred in this area --> accelerating jobs, investment, and population

"free enterprise"

- def: economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government (and state) interference - National Association of Manufacturers and individual companies bombarded Americans with press releases, radio programs, and advertisements ==> helped feats of wartime production to free enterprise *Gov't tries to COORDINATE industries for war, but doesn't put more regulations on the industries (BUT there are regulations on civilians - rationing, etc.) --> sticks with New Deal regulations

Huey Long

- driven by an intense ambition and desire to help uplift Louisiana's "common people" --> won election as governor in 1928&1930 --> took a seat in US senate --> in Washington he dominated every branch of state government --> used his dictatorial power to build: roads, schools, and hospitals, and to increase tax burden on Louisiana's oil companies --> 1934- launched the SHARE OUR WEALTH MOVEMENT - Program offered as an alternative to the New Deal. The program proposed to confiscate large personal fortunes, which would be used to guarantee every poor family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,500. It also promised to provide pensions, reduce working hours, and pay veterans' bonuses and ensured a college education to every qualified student ("Every man a king"). *sign of popular discontent that helped spark the Second New Deal --> was going to run for president in 1935 but the son of a political rival he defeated murdered him

Black Panther Party

- founded in Oakland, CA in 1966 - became notorious for advocating armed self-defense in response to police brutality - young members who dressed in military garb --> also ran health clinics, schools, and children's breakfast programs *ENDED: - internal disputes - campaign against the Black Panthers by police and FBI which left several dead in shootouts

"social legislation"

- governmental action to address urban problems and the insecurities of working-class life (originally from Germany, ended up in US) - progressives wanted to reinvigorate the idea of an activist, socially conscious government (didn't think an active government was a threat to freedom ~ freedom = POLITICAL QUESTION)

What was the immediate task in the mind of the Progressives?

- humanize industrial capitalism and find common ground in a society still racked by labor conflict and experiencing massive immigration from abroad SOLUTIONS: - return to a competitive marketplace populated by small producers -accept the permanence if large corporation and looked to the government to reverse the growing concentration of wealth and ensure social justice -relocate freedom from the economic and political worlds to a private realm of personal fulfillment and unimpeded self-expression BIG IDEA—> nearly all Progressives agreed that freedom must be infused with new meaning to deal with the economic and social conditions of the early twentieth century

Henry Wallace

- in 1848 a group of left-wing critics of Trueman's foreign policy formed the Progressive party --> wallace nominated for head ADVOCATED FOR... - expansion of social welfare programs at home - denounces racial segregation more vigerously than trueman --> campaigned in south (was attacked by angry whites) *Cold War... (set him apart) - international control of nuclear weapons - a renewed effort to develop a relationship with the Soviet Union based on economic co-operation rather than military confrontation EFFECT... -exodus of New Deal liberals - severe attacks on his candidacy (trueman said a vote for wallace was a vote for stallin)

Juvenile delinquency

- increased consciousness of the alienation of at least some young people from the world of adult respectability --> helped spur a mid-1950s panic about juvenile delinquency

Crédit Mobilier

- inner ring of Union Pacific Railroad stockholders to oversee the line's government-assisted constructed - enabled the participants to sign contracts with themselves @ an exorbitant profit to build a new line - protected by the distribution of stock to influential polititians

"NeoCons" ("neoconservatives")

- leaders of the conservative insurgency of the early 1980s - their brand of conservatism was personified in Ronald Reagan, who believed in less government, supply-side economics, and "family values" *thought that the 1960s had led to a decline in moral standards & respect for authority

Rock and roll

- music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s - extremely popular with the teenagers - at first viewed of as too provocative, then accepted because it was TOO POPULAR (especially with youth) *Elvis Presley

How did the idea of "Liberalism" get redefined in the 1930s?

- now meant active efforts y the national government to uplift less fortunate members of society

What were the downsides or negatives to the early 1920s?

- people rejected the diverse culture (ethnic and racial) --> A LOT of social tensions - wages for industrial workers rose by 1/4 BUT corporate profits rose 2X that amount - A fraction of the nation's banks controlled half the financial resources - Many families had NO savings --> fell into poverty - Textile companies struggled to compete with low wage factories - The price of farming increased (technology, fertilizers, etc.) --> many were foreclosed *Blacks --> soldiers wanted jobs back -->got kicked out --> @ bottom of totem pole for job market *Immigrant Jews --> faced similar adversity as blacks *KKK GREW* - ran candidates on segregation and white supremacy platorm - tensions where the blacks had moved -->centered around urban areas and farm areas where Great Migration happened

"Subtreasury Plan"

- proposed that the federal government establish warehouses where farmers could store their crops until they were sold - Using crips as collateral, the government would then issue loans to farmers @ low interest rate ==> this ends farmers dependence on merchants and bankers EFFECT: keeps farmers stable, allows food security, allows you to budget/plan *DID NOT HAPPEN* --> gov't did not want to be in the buisness of farming

Public Utilities Act

- put into effect in By Californian Governor Hiaram Johnson (1911-1917) —> one of the country's strongest railroad regulation measures *put into effect in 1911 *government recognized big business wasn't amazing *Johnson = PROGRESSIVE *what it does: regulates railroads, bans child labor, limits women's hours SIGNIFICANCE: - recognition that there are public interests in some of these industries (not seprate entities) - government should do something to step in and help public interest

How did Hoover respond to it?

- remained committed to "associational action" - put faith in voluntary steps by business to maintain investment and employment - tried to restore public confidence - made frequent public statements that the "tide had turned" --> made him seem VERY out of touch with reality REMEDIAL ACTS: *Smoot-Hawley Tariff - 1930 act that raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the Great Depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade; made situation worse; reduced international trade *viewed by many Americans as inadequate and uncaring *1932 --> Hoover admitted voluntary action failed to help the depression --> signed laws creating the Reconstruction Finance Corporation *Hoover approved a measure appropriating nearly $2 billion for public works projects (that he previously vetoed) *Still opposed offering direct relief for the unemployed

Fair Deal

- revived the New Deal - September 1945 *Domestic reform proposals of the Truman administration; included civil rights legislation, national health insurance, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted. *wanted to improve social saftey net and increase standard of living for average americans WHAT IT DID: - increase minimum wage - national health insurance - expand: public housing, social security, education aid

"organization man"

- social critics said that corporate bureaucracies had turned employees into "organization men" --> b/c of mass society *Americans who were incapable of independent thought *William Whyte's "The Organization Man" (1956) criticized the repetitiveness of modern work, emptiness of suburban life, and pervasive influence of advertising ==> created the vocabulary for an assault on the nation's social values that lay just over the horizon

"birds of passage"

- someone who comes to the US for awhile to work and then goes home - mostly (young) Mexicans and Italians *Italians--> come through Ellis Island to work on west coast (*factory jobs); coming because high poverty and population growth post unification of italy *Mexicans-->come through California ~ NOT Ellis Island (*agriculture) - difficult to come home because it was expensive *American $ = More Powerful* --> Global Rumors about American streets being paved with gold --> everyone seemed very prosperous

New Left

- student movement ~ New Far Left group of Democrats (kinda new progressives) *is not A GROUP --> it's a collective name for a lot of new groups *STANDS FOR: wanted feminism, minority activism, etc.

Loyalty Oath

- swear to uphold constitution, be a good American, have faith in god, and that you weren't a communist --> not many people liked that *was a thing, but didn't "have teeth" (you wouldn't get fired for not saying it)

"women's era"

- the 1890s (lasted 30 years) -women (although didn't get the right to vote) enjoyed larger oppertunities than in the past for economic independence and played a greater and greater role in public life - many more women (usually young & unmarried) worked for wages in traditional jobs --> some entering better paying, more professional jobs

busing

- the means of transporting students via buses to achieve school integration in the 1970s *Prompted by Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education decision

How did women's rights and the "sexual revolution" change America in the 1970s and with what impact?

- the number of divorces SOARED - the age at which men&women married INCREASED - women had less children

Navajo "code-talkers"

- transmitted messages using their complex native message --> Japanese couldn't crack code *part of the 25,000 Indians who served in the army

Iran crisis

--> End of 1977 - Carter had gone to Iran to celebrate Khomeini's rule - made him&America very unpopular with the Iran people --> Early 1979 - Islamic popular revolution overthrough the Shah Khomeini and declared Iran an Islamic Republic --> The US offered Khomeini (overthrown shah) medical treatment in the US --> November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage --> Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. --> January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans (after 444 days in captivity)

What was the impact of the civil war on former white slave owners?

-planters lost their slaves and life savings the war destroyed... -work animals -farm buildings -machinery

Hollywood Ten

10 unfriendly witnesses in the HUAC's interviews who refused to speak about their political leanings or "name names"—that is, identify communists in Hollywood. Some were imprisoned as a result. --> served Jail from 6 months to 1 year EFFECT: - they were blacklisted (denied employment) by Hollywood studios

"The Exodus"

1879-1880: around 40,000-60,000 African-Americans migrated to Kansas from the south seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic Oppertunity *WENT to Kansas for farming oppertunity *most ended up as unskilled laborers (but better than south...so most stayed)

Gentleman's Agreement of 1907

1906 - San Francisco said all Asians had to be confined to one school --> Japanese gov't pushback *Roosevelt persuaded city to take back the order & created the agreement --> Japan agrees to end migration to the US (except wives and kids of husbands already here) 1913 - California barred all aliens incapable of being naturalized citizens (*ASIANS) form owning or leasing land

Muller v. Oregon

1908 Supreme Court decision that held that state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract. Louis D. Brandeis, with help from his sister-in-law Josephine Goldmark of the National Consumers League, filed a brief in Muller that used statistics about women's health to argue for their protection. *Brandeis' study said that women had less strength and endurance than men —> long hours of labor = dangerous for women but their ability to bear kids have the government a legitimate interest in their working conditions —> Supreme Court UNANIMOUSLY upheld the constitutionality of an Oregon law setting maximum working hours for women

19th Amendment

1920 - barred states from using sex as a qualification for suffrage (women could vote!) WHY NOW? - women took over jobs, involved in war efforts -

Margaret Sanger

1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness. *Birth Control Movement

immigration restriction

1921 Law- established a quota of immigrants to be allowed into the United States from various nations *Europe - 357,000 (1/3 prewar #) *1924 - Europe down to 150,000 *Mexicans NOT restricted - hoped to satisfy Californian farming needs -barred the entry of all those ineligible for naturalized citizenship—the entire population of Asia (Japan had fought on the American side in World War I)

Scopes (Monkey) trial

1925 trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution (Tennessee = VERY fundamentalist); it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties. - William Jennings Bryan = expert witness on the bible *FOUND GUILTY --> overturned later IMPORTANCE: *past vs. present vs. future => where do we go?? *threw into sharp relief the division between traditional values and modern, secular culture Moral liberty - honor time honored traditions (pro-state) <VS> Freedom of thought and individual self-expression (Pro-Scopes) *Secularization of government? state? --> do these people have the right to believe the way they wish? Are these people who are traditionalist religious people - are they suffering from these modernist ideas?

WPA (Works Progress Administration)

1934 - Part of the Second New Deal; it provided jobs for millions of the unemployed on construction and arts projects. - hired 3 million Americans annually until 1943 (when it ended) --> workers worked on public works projects, doctor, dentists, arts (live music and theatre)

Social Security Act

1935 law that created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare). *REFORM program --> Makes sure Americans are covered *Forced government savings program --> payed for by people's taxes --> forced to save for retirement *NOT new ideas --> EXCEPT that US gov't would supervise PERMENANT system of social insurance = NEW *embodied Roosevelt's conviction that the national government had a responsibility to ensure the material well-being of ordinary Americans. *Showed a DRAMATIC departure from traditional functions of the government *Sparked "welfare state"

Smith Act

1940 - Congress made it a federal crime to "teach, advocate, or encourage" the overthrow of the government

"zoot suit" riots

1943 riots in which sailors on leave attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing in the LA streets --> showed they were GAY in American eyes, but Mexicans love bright colors together --> showed they didn't fit in *Showed limits of wartime tolerance *Difference between wartime tolerance and the day-to-day tolerance created a consciousness of civil rights --> Mexican Americans brought complaints of discrimination up

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision of Topeka, Kansas that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional. - Had ONE MAIN CASE --> the 5 other similar ones would have the SAME RULING - cases of black-injustice/hate crimes (*involving PREJUDICE in schools) to form a single plea against "separate but equal" *ensured that when the movement resumed after waning in the early 1950s, it would have the backing of the federal courts *Said desegregation must occur "with all deliberate speed" --> means it must happen ~eventually~ --> still occurred many years later

National Defense Education Act

1958 law passed in reaction to America's perceived inferiority in the space race (After Sputnik); encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools.

Silent Spring

1962 book by biologist Rachel Carson about the destructive impact of the widely used insecticide DDT (kills birds, animals, causes human sickness) -->wrote about the environmental costs of economic growth *Effect --> DDT banned --> launched the modern environmentalist movement.

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi directed by white college kids from the north who went down to Mississippi and launched voter registration. *met with HUGE public pushback and violence --> blacks and whites died (the killing of 2 students looked BAD @MI) *Also included women (they went down too) --> men's job in southern code was to "protect women" --> important because white men down south wouldn't hurt white women (would beat, torture, abuse black women&men) *Led to a split between the Northern and Southern democrats again!

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)

1972 talks between President Nixon (US) and Secretary Brezhnev (USSR) that resulted in the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (or SALT), which limited the quantity of nuclear warheads each nation could possess, and prohibited the development of missile defense systems. *Froze US & USSR arsenal of intercontinental missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads

Little Rock 9

1st group of black students who were able to attend an all white school because President Eisenhower used federal troops (national guard mobilized to help the kids -101st Airborne troop) to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision *At Little Rock Arkensas Central High School *Troops and black students faced MASSIVE protests and resistance from pro-segregation whites *Kids had a 101st airborne troop to protect them at ALL times --> wouldn't be with them in bathrooms --> that's where most of the bullying happened *Whites who were nice to the blacks were BULLIED ("don't help the blacks") - kids were very academically caipable and were TRAINED to resist harassment and taunting by white children --> if they messed up ONCE they would be expelled; it would also reflect on their race *SCHOOL SHUT DOWN FOR A LITTLE - PARENTS KEPT THEIR WHITE KIDS OUT - 1/3 of total white students showed up on any given day

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist *1896 Election *Spanish-American War

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Was assassinated by an anarchist (Leon Czolgosz) in September 1901 while the president was visiting the Pan-American Exposition in buffalo, NY. *President of US

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War *"Square Deal" *Conservation Movement *Progressive Party *1912 Election

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize *Democrat *1912 Election

Lyndon Baines Johnson

36th president took over after JFK was assassinated --> secured passage of the Civil Rights Bill --> Launched a program of domestic liberalism more ambitious than Kennedy's --> held new deal view that the government had to assist the poor (*he grew up poor)

Greensboro sit-in

4 students from a NC university sat at a all-white lunch counter at Woolworth's department store (counter was whites only) --> weren't served but stayed until closing --> resisted for 5 months day after day *EFFECT: - Woolworth's agreed to serve blacks at its lunch counters - sit-ins had become invented --> many others used this as part of civil rights tactics (*nonviolent)

Sacco and Vanzetti

A case held during the 1920s in which two Italian-American laborer anarchists were found guilty (crime = south Braintree factory robbery - security guard killed) RESULT: executed on electric chair ~very little evidence linking them to the crime. EFFECT: - Native born Americans saw immigrants as a threat to their way of life - Italian-Americans saw the prejudices and stereotypes of native Americans *Europe -> mass protests against their coming execution

Louis Brandeis

A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling. *"Industrial Freedom"

(New) "feminism"

A new aspect of the women's rights movement that arose in the early part of the twentieth century. New feminism added s focus on individual and sexual freedom to the movement, and introduced the word "feminism" into American life. *intimate personal relations became public discussions *attacked traditional rules of sexual behavior; added a new dimension to the idea of personal freedom *women wanted... - greater liberty - free sexual expression - reproductive choice

"illegal alien"

A new category established by the Immigration Act of 1924 that referred to immigrants crossing U.S. borders in excess of the new immigration quotas. -->reflected Progressive desire to improve the quality of democratic citizenship and to employ scientific methods to set public policy EFFECT ~ Border Patrol -->empowered to arrest and deport people who came to the US and didn't meet nationality quotas and other restrictions WHO? southern and eastern europeans (now mostly Latinos)

Popular Front

A period during the mid-1930s when the Communist Party sought to ally itself with socialists and New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of the capitalist system rather than revolution. *Communists got an unprecedented respectability - social and economic radicalism = true Americanism - ethnic and racial diversity = glory of America *depicted/promoted by theatre, film, and dance --> depicted religious, racial, and ethnic diversity of American Society => became a national hit *promoted mobilization for civil liberties (*right to organize) *government now helps support economic security AND protector of freedom of expression&thought

conservation

A progressive reform movement focused on the preservation and sustainable management of the nation's natural resources. - under Theodore Roosevelt - ordered millions of acres to be set aside as wildlife preserves and encouraged congress to create new national parks

"southern veto"

A reference to the power of the white South to mold the New Deal into an entitlement for white Americans (and to deny many of the New Deal's benefits to African Americans). - FDR (a democrat) understood he needed the votes of Southern Democrats in order to pass his New Deal Legislation (Southern Democrats had enough of a bloc in congress that they could make FFDR's bills not pass) - Southern Democrats were tremendously powerful in Congress as they held many key leadership positions and committee chairmanships. -->FDR had to accommodate the Southern Democrats' desire to insert racially discriminatory language in many New Deal bills in order to get them enacted into law. ex) Social security law excluded agricultural and domestic workers (mainly black employment) - Black organizations fought against this and for equal benefits *Welfare benefits were easily discriminated against --> blacks, if eligible, were deemed by the public of not earning it *receiving Wellfare became derogatory

"the Lost Cause"

A romanticized view of slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy that arose in the decades following the Civil War. *promoted by the churches - churches helped confederates come to terms with defeat in the civil war without abandoning white supremacy

"urban renewal"

A series of policies supported by all levels of government that allowed local governments and housing authorities to demolish so-called blighted areas in urban centers to replace them with more valuable real estate usually reserved for white people. --> usually built retail complexes, all white middle income housing complexes, urban public universities EFFECT: - WHITES displaced moved into suburbs - NON-WHITES couldn't buy a houses in the suburbs; lived in run-down city neighborhoods

Long Telegram

A telegram by American diplomat George Kennan in 1946 outlining his views of the Soviet Union that eventually inspired the policy of containment. *Said Soviets couldn't be dealt with like a normal government

Beats

A term coined by Jack Kerouac for a small group of poets and writers who railed against 1950s mainstream culture.

"welfare state"

A term that originated in Britain during World War II to refer to a system of income assistance, health coverage, and social services for all citizens. --> US was more decentralized, involved lower levels of public spending, and covered fewer citizens than European Welfare state

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany (Soviet) in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West (Not-Soviet). *Symbol of Cold War & Division of Europe

Harlem Renaissance

African-American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s centered in New York City's Harlem neighborhood; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement. *focus on poetry - many immigrants from south & west indies = DIVERSITY & cultural mixing - had many dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies (*most famous = Cotton Club Jazz Hall - blacks AND whites) -------------------------------------- HARLEM - became the "capital" of black America (effect of Great Migration) --> many immigrants from the South (agricultural workers) and the West Indies (well educated professional wen white collar workers) - suffered from poverty, residents had low wage jobs, bad housing descrimination

NATO

Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe. -->Sparked by the Soviet's 1949 testing of their first atomic bomb *First long-term military alliance between the United States and Europe since the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France during the American Revolution.

Fundamentalism

Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders. *combatted new individual freedoms that seemed to contradict traditional morality *supported prohibition

Lusitania

British liner that was carrying a large cache of arms was sunk in May 1915 by a German Submarine off the Coast of Ireland --> Killed thousands (100+ were Americans) - Wilson wrote a STRONG note of protest which led Bryan (secretary of state) to resign fearing the president was about to intervene militarily - Made American public MAD --> wanted to prepare for war --> viewed Germany as a natural foe of man *Wilson says "prepare for war" --> but doesn't want to join (because his industrial friends not for it--> when they become for it, he'll join)

"cash and carry" v. Lend-Lease Act

CASH&CARRY: - 1940 - Congress agreed to allow the sale of arms to Britain on "cash and carry" basis --> def: they had to be payed for in cash and transported in British Ships (so US doesn't get hurt in transport, and the British have to pay if it gets destroyed or not) --> also approved plans for military rearment ~British in Depression, couldn't "cash and carry" for much longer (didn't have cash)...led to... LEND-LEASE ACT: - 1941 law that permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, as long as the allies promised to return it all after the war *Signified increasing likelihood of American involvement in World War II. *Basically a rent-to-own (if you break it you own) ==> US put billions of dollars into weapons from Britain, China, and Soviet Union *US "has a favorite" BUT is remaining NEUTRAL*

Operation Dixie

CIO's largely ineffective post-World War II campaign to unionize southern workers. - 200+ labor organizers wanted support from mainly the textile industry, Birmingham steel industry, and agriculture --> AFL and CIO were the organizers WHY THEY UNIONIZED: - inflation soared (because of price controls) ==> drop in worker's income --> Created HUGEST strike ever in American History (5 million walked off their jobs) *failed to unionize the South or dent the political control of conservative Democrats in the region EFFECT: - wages rose --> inflation was not a big impact THINK.... - South = anti-union because union workers were mostly black; BELIEVE IN INVISIBLE HAND

Election of 1948

CONTEXT: - Truman only president because FDR died --> picked because he is honest and good at keeping costs down - Thomas Dewey - republican candidate --> EVERYBODY thinks he is going to win - Dixiecrats - the greatest election upset in American history. -->Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey *Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. -->fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election. *Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party, a status they would retain until the 1980's.

dergulation

Carter's legislation that removed regulations on many industries, including finance and air travel (*trucking & airline industries) *Hope: increased competition would reduce prices

How did Japan change after the war and what role did the U.S. play in it?

Changes: - adopted a new democratic constitution under General Douglas Commander (supreme commander) - Adopted new technologies - Spent less on military *Economic recovery in full swing by 1950s US Help: - Insisted that Japan's new constitution gave women the right to vote - Oversaw the economic reconstruction of Japan - wanted to rebuild Japan's industrial base as a bastion of anticommunist strength in Asia (@ first wanted to dissolve big corporations, but didn't, changed to former)

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s --> said blacks should work hard and control their own political and economic resources rather than relying on work with whites *Sharp critic of integration and nonviolence ==> changed his ideas - later supported integration of race and religion *Assasinated - left neither a consistent ideology nor a coherent movement *IMPORTANCE: his call for blacks to rely on their own resources struck a chord among the urban poor and younger civil rights activists

March on Washington

Civil rights demonstration on August 28, 1963, where the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. *Height of Civil Rights movement *OTHER GOALS: public works program to reduce unemployment, increase in minimum wage, law against discrimination of employment

Anti-Imperialist League

Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politicians, industrialists, labor leaders, and social reformers. - social reformers believed that American energies should be directed @ home - businessmen were fearful of cost maintaining overseas outposts - racists didn't want to bring non white populations into US

House Un-American Activities Committee

Committee formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975. *persecuted "Un-American" (communists, labor radicals, left of the Democratic Party) --> led to dismissal of dozens of federal employees on charges of subversion

Freedom Rides (& CORE)

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) launched bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961 *integrated groups went on busses and trains to the deep south to test compliance w/ court orders --> met with VIOLENCE (vehicles stoned, lit on fire; people coming off the buses/trains got arrested, hurt, beat, etc/) *formed by Ella Baker --> no real leader --> mainly college kids and blacks

NRA (National Recovery Administration)

Controversial federal agency created by the Wagner Act in 1933 that brought together business and labor leaders to create "codes of fair competition" and "fair labor" policies, including a national minimum wage. - established by FDR and the National Industrial Recovery Act - worked with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions --> went against Laissez-Faire CONTROVERSEY: established codes --> became controversial because companies dominated the code-making process--> used NRA to drive up prices, limit production, lay off workers, and divide markets among themselves at the expense of smaller competitors Roosevelt: "if we do nothing, it will get worse" --> accepted that prices MAY go up, but that was ok -->stop crisis now, and worry about it in the long time

"welfare capitalism"

DEF: more socially conscious business leadership, paid more attention to the "human factor" in employment -->Companies gave employees private pensions, medical insurance plans, job security, greater workplace safety *approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high

"isolationism"

DEF: unilateral American actions mainly designed to increase exports and investment opportunities abroad *don't want to have political ties with people across the globe - but want business affiliations *retreat from Wilson's goal of internationalism because of it's disappointing results of his military and diplomatic pursuit of freedom & democracy abroad

John F. Kennedy

DEMOCRATS: Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy -->Kennedy's Catholicism was a campaign issue because of the fears that Catholic leaders would influence him - the WWII tolerance attitude weakened anti-Catholicism but it was still present *Kennedy - age 43 - youngest major-party nominee for president in history

Dixiecrats & Strom Thurmond

Deep South delegates who walked out of the 1948 Democratic National Convention in protest of the party's support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States' Rights Democratic (Dixiecrat) Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president. --> Thurmond's platform called for "complete segregation of the races" (campaign mostly drawn from support from these alarmed by Truman's civil rights initiatives) CONTEXT: - during the war, they just smushed blacks and whites together --> took WHOEVER was next to them - Military by sheer default and sheer rate of casualties de segregates *After War - Truman de segregated the military and executive branch, then he continued to push de segregation into other fields *Truman needed to look like the "free world" during the cold war --> needed to eliminate communism for this to be true --> Thought Segregation was a... 1) Cold War issue 2) Civil rights issue 3) Moral issue

"Disenfranchisement"

Definition: to deny a certain group of people the right to vote - happened clearly with blacks: poll tax, literacy tests, and the reqquirement that a prospective voter demonstrate to election officials an "understanding" of state constitution (*Grandfather Clause adopted by some states opposed these) --> in favor of racist white voters

Open Door Policy

Demand in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay, in hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports, that Chinese trade be open to all nations. *referred to free movements of goods and money NOT people *ban on chinese immigrands STILL EXISTS (*double standard)

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. *envisioned the federal government strengthening the antitrust laws... - protecting the right of workers to unionize - actively encouraging small businesses —> creating conditions for the renewal of economic competition without increasing government regulation of the economy

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. *defeated by Taft in 1908 Election *1896 election —> lost 3 races for the White House

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver *1896 Election

J. Edgar Hoover

Director of the FBI who told the FBI to develop thousands of files on thousands of American citizens (political dissenters, homosexuals - others who had no connection to communism)

Ellis Island and Angel Island

ELLIS ISLAND: - reception center in New York Harbor through through which most European immigrants in America were processed from 1892 to 1954 *mostly European immigrants *nations main facility for processing immigrants *Coming through these areas there is very difficult --> names change b/c different letters *mostly christian--> eastern/russian orthodox or Jewish (NOT protestant) *different foods or cultural traditions *development of ethnic regulations* *Who can help --> distant relatives and factories (BOSS TWEED) ANGEL ISLAND: - In San Francisco - the "Ellis Island of the west coast" *mostly Mexican and Asian immigrants (usually japanese b/c chinese banned) *main entry point for immigrants from asia

The Espionage & Sedition Acts

Espionage Act (1917): prohibited spying and interfering with the draft as well as making "false statements" that hurt the war effort (postmaster general wouldn't allow newspapers/magazines critical of the administration) Sedition Act (1918): made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that criticized US government or encouraged interference with the war effort

Hundred Days

Extraordinarily productive first three months of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration in which a special session of Congress enacted fifteen of his New Deal proposals.

What were the arguments for and against imperialism?

FOR: - said it was a national mission to uplift backward cultures and spread liberty across the globe - "white mans burden" *Manifest destiny (*PART 2 - original = we were destined by god to go from sea to shining sea) - want places to farm, build, and get *WHAT's DIFF --> not sea to shining sea but more about protecting interest in business --> more about getting colonial powers and becoming an empire --> NOT about expanding land for US as americans to live on AGAINST: - social reformers believed that American energies should be directed @ home - businessmen were fearful of cost maintaining overseas outposts - racists didn't want to bring non white populations into US *Anti-Imperialist League

Red Scare

Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots. *Palmer Raids - November 1919 and January 1920 - federal agents raided the offices of radical and labor organizations nationwide --> arrested 5,000 people (most w/o warrant) & held for months without charge *Gov't deported hundreds of immigrant radicals

Reconstruction Finance Company

Federal program established in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover to loan money to failing banks, RRs, and other institutions to help them avert bankruptcy.

Sputnik

First artificial satellite to orbit the earth; launched October 4, 1957, by the Soviet Union. *SPARKED the National Defense Education Act

"new deal" [there are two: 1st New Deal and 2nd New Deal]

Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a "new deal for the American people"; the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs. --> proposed as a alternative to socialism GOAL: reconcile democracy, individual liberty, and economic recovery and development ISSUES: no blueprint to help deal with depression EFFECT: *elevated a public guarantee of economic security to the forefront of American discussions of freedom *Expanded the meaning of freedom (but didn't erase it's boundaries) *BENEFITTED: Industrial workers (not tenant farmers), more men than women, white Americans more than blacks *Blacks --> still deprived of citizenship rights ACTS: - Social SecurityAct --> gave aid to the unemployed and aged - Fair Labor Standards Act --> set a minimum wage

Dust Bowl

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland (from a drought) in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed due to drought and dust storms. - winds blew much soil away - many dust storms - killed 1+ million farmers

The "Lost Generation"

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they lost in a greedy, materialistic world (*America) that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe --> felt Europe valued art and culture, and sppretiated unrestrained freedom of expression (and they could drink legally) *Their works were mostly banned in America ex) Ernest Hemmingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

HEROSHIMA: - August 6, 1945 - American plane dropped atomic bomb *Effect: ~every building estroyed ~ 280,000 civilians dead ~ 40,000 soldiers dead =>70,000 died instantly ~ death toll = 140,000 by year's end *Emperor didn't really respond...Dropped another... NAGASAKI: - August 9, 1945 *Effect: ~ 70,000 dead ==> these contributed to Japan's surrender (fleet destroyed, economy crippled) EFFECT OF BOTH: - Controversial (Japan lost more lives than 2x US military fatalities in Pacific War) - BIG target of civilian population --> Bombed a CIVILIAN CITY

Teapot Dome scandal

Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. *1st cabinet member in history to be convicted of a felony *Upton Sinclair --> get's Harding into office --> gets a secretary into office --> now that shift happens, Upton tries to get them to lease the oil for next to nothing *Investigative reporters GET the oil --> blows up* EFFECT: *deal doesn't go through *nothing happens to Harding (not even impeached, not jail) *Secretary that was involved got arrested *UNDERLINGS punished; harding is ok

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. *American Federation of Labor

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

Immigration legislation passed in 1952 that allowed the government to deport immigrants who had been identified as communists, regardless of whether or not they were citizens. --> authorized the deportation of immigrants identified as communists (even if they were citizens) IMPORTANCE: - first major piece of immigration legislation since 1924 - passed over the president's veto - idea of expanding the New Deal welfare state faded *ASSAULT ON CIVIL LIBERTIES FOR CITIZENS --> no due process of law; no bill of rights *MAKES IT ILLEGAL TO BE A PART OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY! *RENEWED FEAR OF ALIENS*

The Axis

In World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Fourteen Points

Issued in 1918 by Wilson - clearest statement of American war aims & his vision of a new international order IDEAS: - self determination for all nations (can choose nationalism) - freedom of the seas - free trade - open diplomacy (no secret treaties) - readjustment of colonial claims with colonized people given "equal weight" in deciding their futures - creation of a "general association of natures" to preserve the peace (led to the creation of the League of Nations) ==> established the agenda for the post-war peace conference

D-Day

June 6, 1944, when an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupation. *1st major involvement of American troops *200,000 American, British, and Canadian troops under General Dwight D. Eisenhower --> met up with more than a million troops

What was the immediate and long-term affect of MLK's assassination?

King was assassinated while he was organizing a Poor People's March in DC, after his assassination, there was the greatest outbreak of urban violence in black neighborhoods in the nation's history. --> Washington DC had to be occupied by soldiers to restore order

What was the impact of the Cold War on liberals? Immigrants? unions,? Blacks?

LIBERALS: - targeted; they were LEFT --> mostly in Hollywood --> Hollywood was targeted IMMIGRANTS: - fear of aliens became renewed, and VERY strong --> think they're letting communists into the country UNIONS: *GO OVER* - SUPPORTED the Cold War --> internal battles of convicting communists and their supporters led to the purging of many millitant union leaders - the ones most committed to advancing equal rights of women and minorities in the workplace BLACKS: - embraced the language of the Cold War; saying that the segregation of Americans could be twisted by the Russians --> "Free World" isn't really all great, fair, and equal if not everybody - helped to cement Cold War ideology as the foundation of the political culture, while complicating the idea of American freedom

Mother Jones

Labor activist who was a member of the Knights of Labor union and who used publicity techniques to create awareness of the plight of mine workers and child laborers. *IWW's Battle for Freedom

Hull House & Settlement Houses, generally

Late nineteenth century movement to offer a broad array of immigrant neighborhoods; Chicago's Hull House was one of hundreds of settlement houses that operated around the country in the early 20th century. - founded by Jane Addams in 1889 WHAT THEY DID... *improved lives of immigrant poor (worked in poor neighborhoods) - built kindergartens and playgrounds for children - establishes employment bureaus and health clinics - showed female victims of domestic abuse how to gain legal protection EFFECT... *instigated am array of reforms in Chicago... - stronger building and sanitation codes - shorter working hours - safer labor conditions - right of labor to organize *was a "spearhead for reform"*

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law passed in the wake of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Selma-to-Montgomery March in 1965 (police brutality met peaceful protestors); it authorized federal protection of the right to vote and permitted federal enforcement of minority voting rights in individual counties, mostly in the South.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Law that outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment, and discrimination on the grounds of sex.

Black Codes

Laws passed from 1865 to 1866 in southern states to restrict the right of former slaves; to nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment. Laws... PROS: legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts CONS: denied rights to testify against whites, serve on juries or state militias, or to vote *declared those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested and hired out to white land owners *no job, no residence => you can be jailed

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. *In Re Debs

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. *recieved more than 900,000 votes for president

"double-V" campaign

Led by The Pittsburgh Courier, the movement that pressed for victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home. It argued that since African-Americans were risking their lives abroad, they should receive full civil rights at home. - said victory over Germany and Japan must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home --> viewed by FDR and white press as expression of American Ideals --> black press saw a BIG gap between these ideas and reality

Levitttown

Low-cost, mass-produced (pre made parts) developments of suburban tract housing built by William and Alfred Levitt after World War II on Long Island and elsewhere. *One of the first big Housing developments (on long island) *approach to building homes like an assembly line - teams doing the same tasks --> generated a large profit ==> END UP WITH THOUSANDS OF HOMES!

"scientific management"

Management campaign to improve worker efficiency using measurements like "time and motion" studies to achieve greater productivity; introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911. *Taylor believed... - scientific was the "one best way" of producing goods that could be determined in implemented - role of workers = obey the detailed instructions of supervisors (many skilled workers saw this as a loss of freedom) **tea over... - "industrial freedom" and "industrial democracy" - lack of "industrial freedom" (many thought this was the root of the "labor problem") - contradiction between "political liberty" and "industrial slavery"

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917 - A message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the US and promising to help Mexico get its territory lost from the Mexican War *Intercepted by British spies and made public *Prompted US to join the War

"baby boom"

Markedly higher birthrate in the years following World War II (until mid-1960s); led to the biggest demographic "bubble" in American history (interesting because it was at a time of low immigration) --> population rose by nearly 30 million in the 1950s *1950s - men and women married younger (M22, W20), divorced less, had more kids (avg. 3.2)

Wilson's War In Mexico

Mexico: - 1911 revolution - Dictator overtook (Francisco Madero) - 1913 - US ambassador (Victoriano Huerta) killed dictator and took over W/O president's knowlege *civil war broke out* - Wilson ordered troops to prevent weapons arrival

interstate highway system

National network of interstate superhighways; its construction began in the late 1950s for the purpose of commerce and defense. The interstate highways would enable the rapid movement of military convoys and the evacuation of cities after a nuclear attack. Also helpful for automobile manufactures, oil companies, suburban builders, and construction unions - as well as the average American. *Largest public-works enterprise in American History

New Federalism

Nixon's program which offered federal "block grants" to the states to spend as they saw fit (vs. a plan directed by Washington) *Block Grants - a way the federal government supports states without telling them what to do

Society of American Indians

Organization founded in 1911 that brought together Native American intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds to promote discussion of the plight of Indian peoples. *hoped that public exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice *created a pan-Indian public space independent of white control

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Organization founded in 1920 during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime (formed from the 1917 Civil Liberties Bureau); played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans' civil liberties. *Helped to bring about a "rights revolution" *Reinforced older ideas such as freedom of speech and invented new ones like the right to privacy

SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)

Organization founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms of grassroots protest. *wanted to empower ordinary blacks, replace segregation culture with a "beloved community" of racial justice

In what ways did Reagan change the political, social, and economic landscape of America?

POLITICAL: - changed landscape and language - reduced government support programs --> people became less dependant SOCIAL: - local traditions were shook and family stability wasn't doing well (because of economic reasons) ECONOMIC: - reduced reliance on government handouts - deindustrialization - employment insecurity - wage decline

Progressive era and "Progressive"

PROGRESSIVE ERA: - years when economic expansion produced millions of new jobs and brought an unprecedented array of good within reach of American consumers - cities expanded rapidly (by 1920 for the first time Americans lived more in cities and towns vs. rural areas) —>SEVERE inequality in urban environment (*labor strife) **DURING THE ERA... - ISSUES of expansion of political and economic freedom - flowering understandings if freedom based on individual fulfillment and personal self-determination - white supremacy FULLY implemented in south - explosive economic growth fueled by increasing industrial production, rapid rise in population, and continued expansion of the consumer marketplace **FREEDOM NEVER MORE CONTESTED** PROGRESSIVE: - 1910 - way of describing a broad, loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups who hoped to bring about significant change in American social and political life - said freedom was given to those who use it properly *members... - forward looking businessmen (realized workers must be accorded a voice in economic decision making) - labor activists (bent on empowering industrial workers) - female reform organizations Progressives--> want to help out the immigrants

What did the New Deal accomplish and what were its limits?

PROS: - expanded federal government's role in the economy --> made it an independent force in relations between industry and labor - influenced what farmers could/couldn't plant - required employers to deal with unions - ensured bank deposits - regulated stock marked - loaned money to home owners - provided payments to a majority of the elderly and unemployed - transformed the physical environment - restored faith in democracy - made government directly involved in American's daily lives and welfare - redrew American politics - promoted economic security for ordinary citizens and identified economic inequality as the greatest threat to American freedom - improved economy CONS: - Limited!!! - More restricted in scope and modest in cost - failed to address the problem of racial inequality --> in some ways actually worsened

How did the concept of "civil liberties" change in the 1920s?

PROS: 1920s - Birth of a coherent concept of civil liberties and the beginnings of significant legal protection for freedom of speech against the government CONS: *Wartime repression continued - Postal service removed "obscene" books from the mail - Customs service banned works from many entering the country CENSORED GOODS: - Sexually themed art - Books *Lost generations works = mostly banned ~ "Banned in Boston" (city banned A LOT)

detente

Period of improving relations between the United States and Communist nations, particularly China and the Soviet Union, during the Nixon administration. *Cold War --> peaceful coexistence *Sparked by Nixon's meeting with Brezhnev

Lewis Hine

Photographer who used his pictures to draw attention to social problems such as child labor and the poor living conditions of immigrants in New York City. *Like Muckracking

War on Poverty

Plan announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1964 State of the Union address; under the Economic Opportunity Bill signed later that year, Head Start, VISTA, and the Jobs Corps were created, and programs were created for students, farmers, and businesses in efforts to eliminate poverty. ex) Food Stamps - Direct Help to the Poor *Most expansive effort in nation's history to mobilize the powers of the national gov't to address the needs of the least advantaged Americans

New Nationalism

Platform of the Progressive party and slogan of former president Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; stressed government activism, including regulation of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs. - Roosevelt insister that only the "controlling and directing power of the government" could restore "the liberty of the oppressed" —> he called for heavy taxes on personal and corporate fortunes and federal regulation of industries including RRs, mining, and oil

Good Neighbor Policy

Policy proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (first mentioned by Hoover) in his first inaugural address in 1933 that sought improved diplomatic relations between the United States and its Latin American neighbors.

Socialist Party

Political party demanding public ownership of major economic enterprises in the United States as well as reforms like recognition of labor unions and women's suffrage; reached peak of influence in 1912 when presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs received over 900,000 votes. * showed widespread discontent in progressive America - flourished in diverse communities *Wanted... - free college education - legislation to improve the condition of laborers - (ultimate goal) democratic control over the economy through public ownership of RRs and factories

"Reagonomics"

Popular name for President Ronald Reagan's philosophy of "supply side" economics, which combined tax cuts with an unregulated marketplace - "trickle down economics" --> tax cuts for rich creates a pool of wealth @ the top --> gives money at the top --> says they'll give more $$ to the poor ~ DIDN'T REALLY WORK --> only helped b/c more money in the market, and advancements in technology (*Cable TV creates MANY new jobs) *ALL he did was put a lot of money back into the system through the MILITARY created the jobs (not through the rich) --> Military is a MASSIVE employer (think: needs a tank go to boeing, etc.) --> Star Wars

Redeemers

Post-Civil War Democratic leaders who supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination and preserved the primarily rural economy.

McCarthyism

Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War; most closely associated with senator Joseph McCarthy, a major instigator of the hysteria. WHAT MCCARTHY DID: - said he had a list of 205 (constantly changing #) communists working for the state department --> McCarthy and the senate subcommittee he chaired held hearings and leveled wild charges against many individuals, the defense department, the voice of America, and other government agencies *Many did not speak up against the hysteria (some did) *Downfall... - ARMY-MCCARTHY HEARINGS: Televised U.S. Senate hearings in 1954 on Senator Joseph McCarthy's charges of disloyalty in the army; his tactics contributed to his censure by the Senate. TODAY: means character assassination, guilt by association, and abuse of power in the name of anticommunism

"court packing"

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges. *Wanted to get rid of Supreme Court Judges that were too old to work (over age 70) *Court = couple decades behind the people --> didn't like the NRA or Wagner Act b/c executive branch is not in charge of funds (*congress is!) *Rejected by Congress --> Roosevelt still accomplished his goal: court now felt more willing to support economic regulation

Truman Doctrine

President Harry S. Truman's program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries—particularly Greece and Turkey (they were gateways to Middle East oil and VULNERABLE)—threatened by communism. --> plan appealed to both parties --> Truman was anti-continment *President officially embraced Cold War as the foundation for US foreign policy ~ said it was a worldwide struggle for future freedom *BIG EFFECTS - suggested that the US had assumed a permanent global responsibility ~ "international police" --> help anticommunist regimes across the world - Many new national security bodies emerged - immune from Democratic oversight - to get intelligence and conduct secret military operations abroad

17th Amendment

Progressive reform passed in 1913 that required US senators to be elected directly by voters; previously, senators were chosen by state legislatures.

"maternalist reforms"

Progressive-era reforms that sought to encourage women's child-bearing and -rearing abilities and to promote their economic independence. - supported by feminists and believers in conventional domestic roles

Prohibition & the 18th Amendment

Prohibition (no alcoholic beverages): became more popular during war - Employers thought labor force would become more disciplined - Urban reformers thought it would make cities more orderly and undermine urban political machines - Women hoped it would protect wives and kids from husbands who abuse them while drunk *many breweries = German-American --> don't like 18th Amendment: prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor (Passed by congress in dec. 1917, ratified by states in 1919--> went into effect in 1920) --> targeted big businesses more than people (people- "if you got it, drink it") *TIMING - WAR time - don't want people drinking when they are making ammunition for our troops

Richard Nixon

REPUBLICANS: Richard Nixon -Eisenhower's former vice president -->Nixon's negative appearance on television affected voters' perception of him

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "wobblies")

Radical union organized in Chicago in 1905 and nicknamed the Wobblies; its opposition for World War I led to its destruction by the federal government under the Espionage Act. *part trade union, part advocate of a workers revolution that would seize the means of production and abolish the state - solidarity = guiding principle - wanted to mobilize those excluded from the AFL (AFL=most privileged American workers) - printed out stuff in many languages to insist that each nationality gets represented in the committee coordinating a walkout

New Left (again)

Radical youth protest movement of the 1960s, named by leader Tom Hayden to distinguish it from the Old (Marxist-Leninist) Left of the 1930s. *Challenged mainstream America and the Old Left *spoke of loneliness, isolation, and alienation, of powerlessness in the face of bureaucratic institutions and a hunger for authenticity that affluence could not provide *KEY - Black freedom movement - catalyst for white student activism (*sit ins) *UMBRELLA TERM FOR GROUPS ON THE LEFT SIDE OF NIXON (&Johnston)

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or "star wars"

Reagan administration plan announced in 1983 to create a missile-defense system over American territory to block a nuclear attack (*prompted by USSR). Called as "Star Wars" by critics, the plan called for US development of a space-base system to intercept and destroy enemy missiles. --> not quite feasible and violated treaties but appealed to many Americans *PRO - strategic theory was if we put somehing in space that can knock down soviet missile, it ruins the entire soviet arsenal field (makes them NOT feasable) --> Reagan tries to outstep the Soviets in the Arms Race *CONS - spends billions of dollars on this; didn't work/never existed --> NOT FEASABLE

Liberal Republicans

Republicans who believe in freeing slaves and ending slavery but don't necessarily believe in the government doing anything about that (lassiez-faire camp - freedom comes with your own oppertunities and comes from whatever you do) "you do you" u

Roosevelt corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine -->US had right to exercise "an international police power" in Western Hemisphere (big expansion- Monroe doctrine said we want Europe to stay OUT - now we can go IN)

"appeasement"

Roosevelt's policy that was first adopted by Britain and France (*Acknowledged that Britain and France didn't have the technology or the political will for war) --> hoped agreeing to Hitler's demands would prevent war (Hitler was taking over much of Europe) - seemed reasonable on one level, but on another was "willful ignorance" - mostly believed it would work; but knew there were not really other options *Huge Push from the America First Committee (lead by prominent US figures - RACISTS) *UNDERLYING THEME: - HUGE PUSH FOR ANTI SEMITISM - There was anti-semitism in America, Britain, France, etc.

Iran-Contra Affair

Scandal of the second Reagan administration - sparked by US involvement in Central America - involving sales of arms to Iran in partial exchange for release of hostages in Lebanon and use of the arms money to aid the Contras in Nicaragua, which had been expressly forbidden by Congress. *Reagan claimed he didn't know about it (those who authorized it either pleaded guilty or were charged) --> people now questioned if Reagan controlled his administration

Manhattan Project

Secret American program during World War II to develop an atomic bomb; J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team of physicists at Los Alamos, New Mexico. --> Authorized by FDR in 1940 --> 1st successfully tested in New Mexico desert in July 1945

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Sparked by Rosa Parks's arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. --> boycotted the busses for 381 days ==>EFFECT: November 1956 - Supreme Court ruled segregation in public transportation unconstitutional *Start of Civil Rights Movement

"massive retaliation"/MAD

Strategy announced by John Foster Dulles (secretary of state) in 1954 that used the threat of nuclear warfare as a means of combating the global spread of communism. --> said any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself *RISK - any small conflict could get the countries into war & could annihilate both the US & the USSR --> the all out war would result in "mutual assured destruction" (MAD) *EFFECT - made the US and USSR very careful in dealing with each other - Inspired widespread fear of impending nuclear war - Tried to convince US that surviving a nuclear war WAS possible --> government programs to build bomb shelters --> government inspired training for hiding children under their desks in the event of an atomic attack

How and why did the Supreme Court's view of the role and rights of the federal government shift in the late 1930s?

Supreme court now felt more willing to support economic regulation by federal government and states = permanent change in judicial policy --> rarely declares economic laws unconstitutional ==> Public spending became government's main tool for combatting unemployment and stimulating economic growth (*2nd New Deal ended)

bracero program

System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942 under which tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States to work temporarily in agricultural jobs in the Southwest; lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time. --> 4.5 Mexicans entered the US under labor contracts *US didn't have enough guys/Americans to do this: who knows how to do this ~ especially in California and Midwest = MEXICANS! EFFECT: - reinforced the status of immigrants from Mexico as an unskilled labor force - wartime employment opened new opportunities for second-generation Mexican Americans --> many new ethnic neighborhoods - barrios --> people who lived in these neighborhoods worked in defense industries and served in the army

Holocaust

Systematic racist attempt by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews of Europe, resulting in the murder of over 6 million Jews and more than a million other "undesirables" (Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, *Jews) --> Germans wanted to create a "master race" destined to rule the world

How did the 1920s differ culturally and technologically?

TECHNOLOGY: *Factories --> most adopt assembly line system (Ford) --> Now do one specialized job vs. whole thing --> More jobs open by 1921 *Kerosine-Oil -->Industries Boomed -->With increase in people who own cars *ELECTRICITY* -->Many people had electricity --> Factories now work 24/7 (*lights) -->RADIO--> more widespread news CULTURE: -->Liberated culture (flappers, speakeasies) -->Radios/movies spread culture (rise of celebrity culture) --> NEW MINDSET --> LESS FRUGAL, MORE INDULGE/SPEND (work = path to individual fulfillment through consumption and entertainment) *CREDIT* -->buy now, pay off later -->new appliances, people spend on that --> #1 PLACE OF SPENDING ~ STOCKS -->go do more leisure activities - 5 cents to a movie - west coast developing *most developing = in cities ==> BIG gap ~ urban vs. royal

Tehran/Yalta/Potsdam

TEHRAN: - November 28 - December 1, 1943 - in Tehran, Iran - Big 3 get together to discuss post war (What will happen to Germany - figure it out as a group of allies) - shows that they SENSE the end of the War is coming *WHAT they agree on... ~ Germany has to surrender UNCONDITIONALLY @ the end of the war *Representatives - Stalin - Churchill - FDR YALTA: - February 4-11, 1945 - At a Crimean resort - Discussed the postwar world - Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination -->wanted them to be allies - they should be communist - Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan in 1945 *Tension between GB & US - GB got secret deal w/ SU to divide Europe by spheres of Soviet and British influence --> SPLIT Europe - GB didn't want US to reshape and dominate postwar economic order - didn't work *Representatives ~ US - FDR ~ GB - Churchill ~ SU - Stalin POTSDAM: - went from July 17 - August 2, 1945 - last meeting of the major Allied powers -took place outside Berlin - finalized plans begun at Yalta *Effect: ~ established a military administration for Berlin, Germany ~ Eastern Europe became a Soviet Sphere of Influence ~ agreed to place top Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes (Nuremberg Trials) --> Trying to assign guilt - drifts from War Guilt Clause (it caused WWII) --> says not "Germany" is responsible - SOME Germans were responsible *Representatives ~ U.S. president Harry Truman ~ Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin ~ British prime minister Clement Attlee (their relationships were uneasy - GB&US don't trust Stalin - but had to agree)

The Election of 1912

Taft vs. Roosevelt vs. Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) vs. Eugine V. Debs (Socialist) *Conventions picked candidates *national debate on the relationship between political and economic freedom in the age of big business* TAFT - stressed that economic individualism could remain the foundation of the social order so long as government and private entrepreneurs cooperated in addressing social ills *HEAD of republican party - president* -->when Roosevelt tries to get into republican party --> taft makes sure they can't get in --> roosevelt forms his own party (bull moose) DEBS - Socialist party's long term goal of abolishing the capitalistic system altogether was not really supported by Americans and but it's immediate demands gained public support - public ownership of RRs and Banking systems, government aid to the unemployed, and laws establishing shorter working hours and minimum wage *really a battle between WILSON and ROOSEVELT over the role of the federal government in securing economic freedom that Galvanized public attention in 1912; the 2 represented competing strands of progressivism BOTH- believed government action was necessary to preserve individual freedom DISAGREED ON- the dangers of increasing the governments power and the inevitability of economic concentration RESULT- Republican Split—> sweeping victory for Wilson (won about 42% of the popular vote) —> Wilson was a strong, executive leader ROOSEVLET gets 27% for a third party vote (bull moose) --> this SPLITS republican ticket and allows wilson to win

"kitchen debate"

Televised debate in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon - took place first in a model suburban ranch house then in a "futuristic miracle kitchen." Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon said that the mass enjoyment of American freedom within a suburban setting—freedom of choice among products, colors, styles, and prices - he won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960.

Great Society

Term coined by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1965 State of the Union address, in which he proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the environment. --> led to many new agencies and networks being created --> greatly expanded the gov'ts power --> Much Help for the Poor (War on Poverty) *Response to prosperity, not depression (contrast w/ new deal)

iron curtain

Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the Cold War divide between western Europe and the Soviet Union's eastern European satellites.

The Cold War

Term for tensions, 1945-1989, between the Soviet Union and the United States, the two major world powers after World War II (fear of spreading communism). *Helped to reshape freedoms meaning

"new negro"

Term used in the 1920s, in reference to a slow and steady growth of black political influence that occurred in northern cities, where African-Americans were freer to speak and act. This political activity created a spirit of protest that expressed itself culturally in the Harlem Renaissance and politically in "new Negro" nationalism.

GI Bill of Rights

The 1944 legislation that provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from World War II. BENEFITS: - unemployment pay - scholarships for further education - low-cost mortgage loans - pensions - Job training ...and more! *Tried to prevent the widespread unemployment and economic disruption that followed WWI *Spurred the post-war housing boom (4 million received home mortgages) *One of the farthest-reaching pieces of social legislation in American history

"Vietnam syndrome"

The belief that the United States should be extremely cautious in deploying its military forces overseas that emerged after the end of the Vietnam War. --> Reagan came into office wanting to overturn it

"missile gap"

The claim, raised by John F. Kennedy during his campaign for president in 1960, that the Soviet Union had developed a technological and military advantage during Eisenhower's presidency. *Kennedy & Nixon both knew that American economic and military capacity far exceeded that of the Soviets IRL --> STILL many Americans believed about the "missile gap" *persuaded many Americans that the time had come for NEW LEADERSHIP Context: --> when you're running for prez, you don't know --> find info (classified) when you're the "OFFICIAL elected runner" --> thought it was a thing - then he was briefed - THEN he couldn't change the info b/c it was classified --> kept going with it

"military-industrial complex"

The concept of "an immense military establishment" combined with a "permanent arms industry," which President Eisenhower warned against in his 1961 Farewell Address, which resembled Washington's address of 1796. *Eisenhower's concern => warns US against "military-industrial complex" => against useless war => industrial side of things will be an advocate for war --> Thinks that we'll think that "we have enough weapons" --> we can go to war --> Thought that US is becoming TOO dependent on militarism *Spending lots of $$ on technology--> TENS OF MILLIONS PER PLANE --> taxpayer money ==> LOTS MORE DEBT *network of people and companies and institutions that advocate against the soviet union

isolationism

The desire to avoid foreign entanglements that dominated the U.S. Congress in the 1930s; beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents' ships and the sale of arms to countries at war. *Neutrality Acts are an example of this (Series of laws passed between 1935 and 1939 to keep the United States from becoming involved in war by prohibiting American trade and travel to warring nations.)

"fireside chats"

The informal radio addresses Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression. *He dominated radio while most of his opponents controlled most newspapers --> very important because 2/3 of Americans had radios 1st: - Roosevelt said "liberalism" = a large, active, socially conscious state - "freedom" from conservatives = rallying cry for New Deal 2nd: - said "liberty" = greater security to average man vs. interests of the privileged few *linked freedom with economic security *said economic inequality = greatest enemy

decolonization

The process by which African and Asian colonies of European empires became independent in the years following World War II. --> said a free world shouldn't have colonies and empires *WWII had increased Americans awareness of the problems of imperialism *Supported strongly by Liberal Democrats and Black Leaders

Reagan Revolution

The rightward turn of American politics following the 1980 election of Ronald Reagan. --> made individual "freedom" a rallying cry for the right *Wanted US to be a "beacon of liberty and freedom" --> said "freedom" A LOT *Fought against increased spending on taxes, government spending, national security, welfare, crime, traditional values --> compromised so he didn't lose everyone

Robert M. LaFollette

Three term governor of Wisconsin, then U.S. Senator in 1906, he was one of the earliest proponents of Progressive Reform. *Progressive

NSC-68

Top-secret policy paper approved by President Truman in 1950 that outlined a militaristic approach to combating the spread of global communism. - described the Cold War as an epic struggle between "the idea of freedom" and the "idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin"

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) *National Symbol of Civil Rights *"I Have a Dream Speech" *Took his strategies from peaceful civil disobedience leaders, and Christianity *Formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference - Civil rights organization founded in 1957 by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders.

Bay of Pigs

U.S. mission in which the CIA, hoping to inspire a revolt against Fidel Castro (US thought he was communist - nationalizing land, trading with USSR, etc.) -->sent 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade their homeland on April 17, 1961 *the mission was a spectacular failure **Connect to Guatemala Situation --> this was also Eisenhower's plan (didn't trigger this plan) --> sent in <not us troops> CUBAN EXILES that were trained by the CIA & supported by US $$ *didn't intervene sooner because needed Cuban sugar, copper, tin* --> they moved into the government --> thought people would rise up & government would be so scared it'd step down ==> PSYC! the government wasn't scared - mission FAILED ==> LED TO CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947. *One of the most successful foreign aid programs in history --> GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT --> Offered it to ANY country that WANTED HELP ~ even EASTERN EUROPE *Eastern Europe's RESPONSE - STALIN SAID NO --> didn't want to be economically dependent on the US --> If they engaged in capitalist trade, they are engaged in CAPITALISM *1950 Effects* - western European production exceeded prewar levels - the region was poised to follow the United States down the road to a mass-consumption society *Soviet union didn't participate, but because US dominated surrounding economies, it was OK *IS this huge loan a big deal for the US? - NO! --> loans get payed back AND get payed back from orders to buy stuff --> Rebuilding countries creates jobs because everybody has jobs making supplies making stuff for the countries --> Win win for US *MAKES US MOST POWERFUL COUNTRY IN THE WORLD --> has big underlying anti-communist motivation

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947). *Fordism *Moving Assembly line

"libertarian conservatives"

WANTED... - individual autonomy - limited government - unregulated capitalism --> appealed to conservative entrepreneurs *Stressed progress and personal autonomy *thought too many barriers were in the way of pursuing individual liberty *ignored outside their immediate circle, but had ideas that would define conservative for the next half-century

"new conservatives"

WANTED... - toleration of difference offered NO substitute for the search for absolute truth - wanted US to go back to a civilization based on Christian traditional values --> freedom was first a MORAL condition --> decision (men and women live virtuous lives vs. gov't tell them to do so) --> led out the origins of DIVISION *Emphasized on tradition, community, and moral commitment *Condemned an excess of individualism and breakdown of common values

What was the impact of the war at home in the US?

WOMEN: supported war effort (*many suffragists supported) - sold war bonds - organized patriotic rallies - went to work (production, clerical workers, nurses)

What was John F. Kennedy's vision of the world and what was his domestic agenda?

WORLD VISION: - Established peace corps - Launched satellite w/ first man in orbit around Earth (got man on the moon) *Viewed war through Cold War lens --> was quite against any communist-like agenda EX) Castro --> less enthusiastic about war after Cuban Missile Crisis DOMESTIC AGENDA: - Used federal force when there was bad opposition against Civil Rights *After Birmingham (attack on student protest) Kennedy publicly called for a law banning discrimination in all public places --> SUPPORTED CIVIL RIGHTS *DOMESTIC LIBRALISM

What happened in China and how did it affect the U.S. in the Cold War?

What Happened in China: - Taken over by communists in 1949 (led by Mao Zedong) Effect on US: - US didn't recognize the "people's republic of china" and blocked it from occupying their seat at the UN - Until the 1970s, the United States insisted that the ousted regime, which had been forced into exile on the island of Taiwan, remained the legitimate government of China.

"muckraking"

Writing that exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; included popular books and magazine articles that spurred public interest in reform. *Term itself comes from cleaning out horse's stall *Does it's very best to get @ the most gory details- b/c its most sensational and sells the most papers - wasn't NECESSARY *Theodore Roosevelt disparaged this writing - said there's alot of stuff in the world - you don't have to go for the grizzly bits *showed underside of American life

"flappers"

Young women of the 1920s whose rebellion against prewar standards of femininity included wearing shorter dresses, bobbing their hair, dancing to jazz music, driving cars, smoking cigarettes, using birth control, and indulging in illegal drinking and gambling. *showed liberation and sexual freedom of women

Dwight D. Eisenhower ("Ike")

a former WWII military commander and Republican who was elected as President in 1952 by a landslide victory because of the support and trust he had earned from the American people --> was a fatherly, warm figure --> champion of business community, fiscal conservative *Uneventful presidency in domestic affairs *1st Republican in presidency for 20 years --> Wealthy businessmen dominated his cabinet --> worked to cut back government spending (*military budget)

Moral Majority

group that supported Reagan; returned to conservative, religious values - many not moral - the idea that they are going against the immoral minority - like the hippies - "anti counter culture" *decry the counter culture as lazy, snobs --> wanted god in politics (not politics in god) *A lot of people who go against counter culture --> good with Raegan *late 70s discos => too much cocaine, homosexuality, vapidity => people view these party areas as lazy, anti-work, and un american ==> SPARKED MORAL MAJORITY

Reconstruction Act of 1867

law that established temporary military governments in ten Confederate states (not Tennessee) and required that the states ratify the 14th amendment and permit Freedmen to vote *Began period of Radical reconstruction (1867-1877)

15th Amendment

ratified in 1870 - prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race *did not include women "you can't deny the right to vote on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude" --> NOT WOMEN --> blacks just moved ahead of women --> they are PISSED

Philippine War

American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American War; America's death toll was over 4,000 and the Philippines' was far higher. *least remberedbof all American wars *Spanish and Phillipenes @ war —> phillipenes won; modeled gov't after US government —>McKinley wanted to get posession if the Phillipenes—> phillipenes turned agaunst US *least remembered out of all american wars

birth control (movement)

An offshoot of the early twentieth-century feminist movement that saw access to birth control and "voluntary motherhood" as essential to women's freedom. The birth-control movement was led by Margaret Sanger. *birth control was illegal *women demanded freedom of their own bodies as part of their American freedom and rights

16th Amendment

Constitutional amendment passed in 1913 that legalized the federal income tax. *does not say HOW to tax - nothing about fair, equal, equitable? *graduated income tax?? (rate of taxation is higher for wealthier citizens) *supported by Taft —> ratified shortly before he left office *Voted on by every state --> 2/3 of the state voted FOR this --> people liked that

containment

General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan.

Social Darwinism

- evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature, and government must not interfere *ideas were MISGUIDED - efforts to uplift those @ bottom of social order occurred and regulated conditions of work or public assistance to the poor - darwinists believed that it had emerged because it was better adapted to its environment than earlier forms of enterprise

"white man's burden"

- idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized - that along with worldwide concern about immigration and race relations inspired a global sense of afterbirth among "Anglo-Saxon" natuona

stagflation

A combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation present during the 1970s --> in part caused by soaring oil prices/shortage of oil

Mormons

-Pre-Civil war President Buchanan removed Mormon leader Bringham Young as Utah's territorial govoner & Young refused to comply --> troops entered Salt Lake Valley until just before the war *1857- tense times - a group of Mormons attacked a wagon train of non - Mormon settlers traveling through Utah to California - all adults and older children (~100) died ...20 years later one leader of the assault was convicted of murder & executed -Post Civil War, mormon leaders wanted to avoid further antagonizing the Federal gov't -1880 - Utah banned polygamy (still happened sometimes between mormon, native american, and some settler families more spread out across the southwest)

How was the West transformed after the Civil War?

-became a place of rugged individualism and sturdy independence -increasing amounts of minorities found labor oppertunities --> increased diversity in the region

Andrew Johnson

-became president after Lincoln was assassinated -from TN -strong union supporter -was in charge of overseeing the restoration of the Union -couldn't handle his responsibility

Southern Manifesto

A document written in 1956 that refused to accept the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places. --> signed by 96/106 southern congressmen *Many states passed laws to block segregation

Operation Wetback

A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration to America. - wetback = insulting term for Mexicans --> b/c they crossed the river, would get wet (also slicked their hair back)

1952 election

Adlai Stevenson (Democrat) --> "Go to Korea" (search for peace) vs. Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) --> "I Like Ike" (weary with Korean War) FACTS: --> first election to use TV ads --> Eisenhower won a RESOUNDING victory (won even BIGGER 4 years later) --> Eisenhower was first president to be elected w/o his party controlling house OR congress --> got success b/c be was familiar, elderly (62) but seemed youthful

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores *argued that the accusations of rape as a excuse for lynching was a "bare lie" in her newspaper *Lynching

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. *Atlanta Compromise

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Amendment to guarantee equal rights for women, introduced in 1923 but not passed by Congress until 1972; ERA Campaign DIDN'T WORK - failed to be ratified by the states. *Promoted by Alice Paul & National Women's Party *Debate over it focused on women's freedom - motherhood vs. individual autonomy & right to work

Enforcement Acts

1870 & 1871 - 3 laws passed that tried to eliminate the KKK by outlawing it and other such terrorist societies; the laws allowed the president to deploy an army for that purpose

Why was 1968 such a turbulent year in America?

1968 was a very turbulent year because there was much backlash among formerly Democratic voters against both black assertiveness and antiwar demonstrations

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Independent agency created by the Wilson administration that replaced the Bureau of Corporations as an even more powerful tool to combat unfair trade practices and monopolies. - Established by Congress in 1914 - job = to investigate and prohibit "unfair" business activities such as price-fixing and monopolistic practices - FTC and Federal Reserve were welcomed by many business leaders as a means of restoring order to the economic marketplace and warding off more radical measures for curbing corporate power

"trusts"

companies combined to limit competition (during 2nd industrial Rev)

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them *Conservation movement

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. *Theodore Roosevelt disparaged that type of writing *Muckracking

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes *Settlement House

What was the importance of the West after the Civil War?

-served as fertile farmland, and had animals for hunting -landloards, railroads, and mining companies in the West used Mexican, Chinese, and African American labor -Federal gov't took indian land (from war&treaty), administered land sales, regulated territorial politics, and distributed land and money to farmers, railroads, and mining companies (*but ironically became a place of rugged individualism and sturdy independence*)

Immigration Restriction League

A political organization founded in 1894 by a group of Boston professionals that called for reducing immigration to the United States by requiring a literacy test for immigrants. *adopted by congress in early 1797, but vetoed by President Clevelant *idea to eliminate undesirable voters

Mary Elizabeth Lease

A speaker for the Populist party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the national Populist party. She believed that big business had made the people of America into "wage slaves," and challenged her fellow farmers to "raise less corn and more hell." *Former homesteader and one of the first female lawyers *Prominent organizer, campaigner, and strategist *Populist Party

"captains of industry"/"robber barons"

Also known as the "captains of industry;" Gilded-Age industrial figures who inspired both admiration, for their economic leadership and innovation, and hostility and fear, due to their unscrupulous buisness methods, repressive labor practices, and unprecedented economic control over entire industries. ex) Andrew Carnegie; used vertical integration to dominate steel industry; 24 hour factories ex) John D. Rockafeller; bought out competing oil refineries then went to vertical integration; dominated 90% of US oil industry

"The New South"

Atlanta Constitution editor Henry W. Grady's 1886 term for the prosperous post-Civil War South he envisioned: democratic, industrial, urban, and free of nostalgia for the defeated plantation South. (REALITY- south sank deeper&deeper into poverty)

U.S.S. Maine

Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, resulting in 266 deaths; the American public, assuming that the Spanish had mined the ship, clamored for war, and the Spanish-American War was declared two months later. **yellow press exaggerates this --> adds pressure to headlines

Presidential Reconstruction

By President Andrew Johnson post Civil War (May 1865) -pardon to all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the union (not confederate leaders and very wealthy planters) -appointed provisional governors to call state conventions (elected by whites only) --> had to abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and refuse to pay confederate debt (gov'ts had a free hand in their affairs) *issue - since southern governments were white elected, the bad racists often came back into power --> directed a lot of violence to former slaves and northern visitors in the south

carpetbaggers and scalawags

CARPETBAGGERS: derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South. SCALAWAGS: Southern white Republicans - some former Unionists - who supported Reconstructive governments.

"crop lien" system

Credit extended by merchants/banks to tenants based on their future crops; under this system, high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts (in black and white farmers) *take a loan of some kind from a merchant/bank and you HAVE TO PAY IT BACK --> you are in debt (start at NEGATIVE numbers) *you may actually own your own land, but the bank/merchant owns it --> if you don't pay it back; the bank/merchant takes it back from you *to get supplies from merchants farmers grew cotton and promised to give the crop to them as colatteral (kind of like share cropping) ~ owning

Where did the Democrats and the Republicans get their base of support and why?

DEMOCRATS: - Catholic voters (*Irish-Americans) in the nation's cities *WHY**** - opposed a high tariff REPUBLICANS: - Union Veterans were big supporters b/c many Republicans were fighters in the Union army - strongly support high tariff to protect American industry -1870s - persued a fiscal policy based on reducing federal spending, repaying national debt, and withdrawing greenbacks

Compromise of 1877 (Bargain of 1877)

Deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional commission to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular cote, was declared winner in exchange for withdrawal of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South, marking the end of Reconstruction *Democrats didn't live up to their pledge to recognize blacks as equal citizens *Tildon says that all he really wanted to do was end reconstruction&get military out of the south, if you do that then Hayes can be president --> agrees --> get compromise

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s; supplanted by the American Federation of Labor. *tried to organize unskilled workers as well as skilled, women, men, and whites all together (NOT asians tho...) *involved millions of workers in strikes, boycotts, political action, and educational and social activities

Ghost Dance/Wounded Knee Massacre

GHOST DANCE: A spiritual and political movement among Native Amerians whose followers performed a cerimonial "ghost dance" intended to connect the living with the dead and make the Indians bulletproof in battles intended to restore their homelands. WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE: Last incident of the Indian Wars; it took place in 1890 in the Dakota Territory, where the US calvalry killed over 200 Sioux men, women, and children (who were doing the ghost dance) --> soldiers got the medal of honor --> was widely applauded

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Group organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and heald political offices (or others who defied "norms" of white supremacy and black superiority) during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s that stressed white, Anglosaxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s in the south *were super pissed cuz blacks could be police, give you your mail, hold office (repeal black codes...) --> super threatening to racial heirarchy --> couldn't do anything in daylight (police, BLACK police) --> do it in the night --> put blacks on notice --> terrorize them

What made the second industrial revolution different from the first one?

Industrial Revolution ~ new INDUSTRY *the INVENTIONS themselves categorize the second industrial rev. vs. the first* FIRST = mechanical innovations; basic SECOND = technological advances --> power and growth in those industries RAILROADS: -spread across the US; became more advanced -railroad companies made 4 US timezones (continued today) *enabled mass production, distribution, and marketing of goods INNOVATIONS: (1870s&1880s) -telephone -typewriter -handheald camera *Internal combustion engine - engine has explosions inside it; uses GAS* *Edison: phonograph, lightbulb, motion picture, ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION! --> work shifts became a thing b/c lights light up factories in the night --> most successful people take all these innovations and produce them on a mass scale OVERALL: ~more advanced and buisness oriented; introduced mass production *biggest effect - electricity and internal combustion engines (now in its beginning stages-will expand...planes!) *big new invention --> STEEL (iron processed differently; alloys added)

"bonanza farms"

Large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the West in the late nineteenth century.

Dawes Act

Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers *meant to help Indians by organizing them and giving each family a certain amount to work *meant to help them not get run over - protect their ownership of land BUT whites still happy because they still get land *ISSUES: - Whites make the law didn't care that Native Americans DON'T own land individually - Work as a GROUP - everybody has an individual job - Manage resources by going where they are (hunting example - group goes where animals are) - Natives only view ownership as something you can pick up & take with you *Native "we" vs. White "me"

lynching

Practice, particularly widespread in the South between 1890 and 1940, in which persons (usually blacks who challenged the system) accused of a crime were murdered by mobs before standing trial. Lynchings often took place before large crowds, with law enforcement authorities not intervening. *occured frequently *post-lynch death would justify it by saying they were a criminal (LIE) ex) "he was a rapist"

Election of 1900

REPUBLICANS- nominated William McKinley on a platform that advocated imperialism (said it was a national mission to uplift backward cultures and spread liberty across the globe) DEMOCRATS- nominated William J. Bryan on a platform against the Philippine War (said it placed the US in a "un-American" position of crushing with military force when the people wanted liberty and self government) *During the election, the Republicans professed that free silver would end U.S. prosperity. *McKinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas.

Freedmen's Bureau

Reconstruction agency established in 1865 by congress to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning *gave blacks schools, churches, to provide food, clothes, give some kind of representation, give them some help wherever they were *helped them navigate getting started *took a lot of money to help 4 million slaves - got money to start (from taxpayers - in north - north being burdened by paying for the south) *really helped education and health care

sharecropping

Type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers—often former slaves—farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop *You start at ZERO and pay as you go --> no debt -dominated Cotton belt of VA and NC -allowed each black family to rent a part of a plantation w/ the crop divided between worker&owner @ the end of the year -guarenteed planters a stable resident labor -became more opressive as years went on (kind of like "crop lien" system) ~ renting

Plessy v. Ferguson

U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites. *outlawed Civil Rights Act of 1875 - from Louisiana --> legislature had required RR companies to have a seperate car/section for blacks - states reacted to the decision by passing laws mandating segregation in every aspect of southern life -

Henry Clay Frick

United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919) *Carnegie's supervisor @ Homestead Steel Mills *Homestead Act

James Weaver

United States politician and member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Iowa as a member of the Greenback Party. He ran for President two times on third party tickets in the late 19th century. An opponent of the gold standard and national banks, he is most famous as the presidential nominee of the Populist Party in the 1892 election His close race for presidency showed the rise of a third party. *1992 - Populist Presidential Candidate - got 1 million+ votes *Populist Party

vertical integration (and horizontal)

VERTICAL INTEGRATION: company's avoidance of middle-men by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product ex) Andrew Carnegie; used it to dominate steel industry; 24 hour factories HORIZONTAL EXPANSION: the process by which a corporation acquires or merges with its competitors ex) John D. Rockafeller; bought out competing oil refineries then went to vertical integration; dominated 90% of US oil industry

"Sherman Land"

William T. Sherman - marched to the see (from his GA claimed land); with his thousands of slaves following him, he gave them land he claimed (islands, conquered lands - GA) *When Sherman gave land to them, they thought that they were freedom (to them land = freedom) *President Andrew Johnson said these Sherman Lands do NOT belong to the slaves, and should be returned to the previous owners (Johnson = racist) *Slap in the face --> no land, no freedom EFFECT~ many angry, protested, tried to sue in federal court (all didn't work); some stayed and tried to make the best of it

Election of 1876

*10 years of the taxpayers of the North paying for the occuption of the south --> now over it --> "can we not" Hayes vs. Tildon --> both cheated very very badly --> electoral commission came together and decided they both cheated very bad, and they drew up the Compromise

women's rights

*14th and 15th amendment only addressed RACE; still women excluded; gender barrier still high during and after Reconstruction... made it CLEAR women are NOT equal and did NOT get the right to vote *courts unreceptive to women's sufferige efforts 15th amendment- "you can't deny the right to vote on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude" --> NOT WOMEN --> blacks just moved ahead of women --> they are PISSED

cowboys

*2 decades after Civil War = Golden Age of Cattle Kingdom *White, Mexican, or Black men who conducted cattle drives (low payed wage workers) *became symbols of life and freedom on the open range (dress and lives became movie topics)

Populists ("people's party")

*Founded in 1892, a group made up of FARMERS and MINERS that advocated a variety of reform issues... - COINAGE OF SILVER: wanted to print as much silver $ as possible (*print more $) - more money will help farmers lessen their debt - issue that it will make value of $ go down - however they are ADDING silver (keeping cash) => keeps value (and if you (farmer) NEED a loan, theres more $ for banks to give you one) ...Farmers WANT value of $ to drop because they would have to pay less (from crops) to pay off their debt - graduated income tax - postal savings - regulation of railroads - direct election of US senators - Core issues- subtreasury loan and lower mortgage interest rates - Said black&white farmers had common issues & can work together - Gained support from women - Spread of message by pamphlets on political and economic questions, publishing local newspapers, and sending traveling speakers ** last great political expression of the 19th century version of the US as a common early or small producers whose freedom rested on productive property ownership and respect for divinity of agriculture (still embraced modern tech)

What was the impact of American westward migration on Indians?

*Incorporation of the west into the national economy = doom for Indians* -during war - indians traded with settlers w/ food and supplies --> eventually as settlers encroached on indian lands, battles became bloody and tensions skyrocketed -1869 - President Grant announced a peace policy to the west --> warfare soon resumed -Civil War Generals (ex. Phillip H. Sheridan) set out to destroy the foundations of the Indian economy - villages, horses, and especially the buffalo (hunted for their hides by settlers)

What did reformers view as wrong and what were their solutions?

*Unequal distribution of wealth* *Progress and Poverty (by Henry George, 1879) - PROBLEM: of "squalor and misery" alongside material progress and unequal distribution of wealth - SOLUTION: single tax - replace other taxes with a levy on increases in the value of real estate *The Cooperative Commonwealth (by Laurence Gronlund, 1884) - PROBLEM: unequal distribution of wealth - SOLUTION: Socialism! ~tea~ in the US access to private property was widely considered essential to individual freedom ~ socialism was mostly popular with immigrants *Looking Backward (by Edward Bellamy, 1888) - PROBLEM: unequal distribution of wealth - SOLUTION: promoted socialist ideas while "ignoring that name;" said freedom was a social condition resting on interdependence; not autonomy

Ulysses S. Grant

*Union's most prominent military hero *Republicans nominated him as their presidential candidate a few days after Johnson's impeachment election *won a close race in the 1868 election

Statue of Liberty

*designed in 1865 by Éduard de Laboulaye (french educator and author about the US) *Was a response to Lincoln's assasination *national (and international) icon as a symbol of freedom (welcomes immigrants - "huddled masses yearning to break free" -from poem on base) *Dedicated in 1886 - during when great upheaval of the world took place - strikes and labor protests occurred worldwide

"second industrial revolution"

*expansion of factory production, mining, and railroad construction that turned US into a mature industrial economy *US produced over 1/3 of the world's national output *many americans worked for wages *centered in the great lakes & their factorys for iron, machinery, chemicals, and packaged foods (pittsburgh = world's center of iron and steel manufacturing)

U.S. v. Cruikshank

*gutted the Enforcement Acts by throwing out the convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre of 1873 *signifies a retreat from reconstruction (North and South both over it, only people who aren't are the blacks)

What did the idea of "the West" represent to Americans?

*hope *new oppertunities *exploration *starting new

"settler society"

*immigrants from overseas quickly outnumber and displace the original inhabitants *native peoples subjected to to cultural reconstruction in US (and many other places ex. Austrailia) *US DISPLACED INDIANS = SETTLER SOCIETY*

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

*justices ruled that the 14th Amendment had not altered traditional federalism *most of the rights of citizens remained under state control *signifies a retreat from reconstruction (North and South both over it, only people who aren't are the blacks)

How were the new state constitutions different from those written before the war?

*newly empowered national state *idea of a national citizenry enjoying equality before the law PRE WAR: American citizenship had closely been linked to race; citizenship was for whites only NOW: blacks, etc. can be citizens too! -federal government was now able to make laws ~ "custodian of freedom" -constitution transformed from a document primarily concerned with federal-state relations and the rights of property TO a vehicle through which members of vulnerable minorities could stake a claim to freedom.

What was life like for former slaves after the war ended?

*when the war was over, many slaves decided to find their family (go south on foot and try to find their lost family members - huge network by way of mouth) -previous existing black institutions became free from white supervision -women often withdrew from the work force to spend time with their families -blacks got land for settlements (sea islands and costal SC and GA) -new black churches established -blacks desired to be educated -blacks began to struggle to vote **freedom = self ownership, family stability, religious liberty, political participation, and economic autonomy

Patrons of Husbandry (aka Grange)

- 1867 - Collaborations of critics of the railroad - moved to establish cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output in the hope of forcing the carriers "to take our produce at a fair price" *Husbandry = Farm Community *Patron = supporter of How it works: - each farmer has very little power over their own farming--> has to move around by train - farmers now bulk their stuff together, get a higher volume of goods-->get a lower cost for bulk of goods (buy one thing for $10, buy 5 or more for $9 - walmart principle)

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

- 1887 - response to outcries against railroad practices - created to ensure that the rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport their goods were "reasonable" and did not offer more favorable treatment to some shippers - 1st federal agency intended to regulate economic activity *ISSUES - lacked the power to establish rates on its own - could only sue companies in court ====> HAD LITTLE POWER

U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co.

- 1895 - Ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 could not be used to break up a sugar refining monopoly, because the Constitution empowered Congress to regulate commerce but not manufacturing - congress brings lawsuit - says EC night holds illegal trust (domination of refining sugar -->illegal under Sherman Antitrust Act)*trust = substanial holding - not necessarily monopoly *court says that this horizontal monopoly doesn't control what happens @ level 3 --> said that the EC Knight doesn't effect what the customers play (*NOT true because EC Knight controls what the supermarkets pay and then the customers have to pay a little more than that - EC knight does it...) *Gutted Sherman Antitrust Act - LOOPHOLE

Lochner v. NY

- 1905 - voided a state law establishing ten hours per day or sixty per week as the maximum hours of work for bakers - court was evoking "liberty" in ways that could easily seem absurd *almost as notorious as Dred Scott*

The Great RR Strike of 1877

- A series of demonstrations, some violent, held nationwide in support of striking railroad workers in Martinsburg, West VA, who refused to work during wage cuts (CAUSE = pay cut for railroad workers) - President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered the militia to try to put them down by force *showed solidarity between workers and the close ties between the Republican part *Following the Strike, the government constructed armories in major cities to ensure that troops would be ready in event of future labor difficulties *SHOWS THAT going forward, national power would be used not to protect former slaves, but to guarantee the rights of property

Why did the U.S. restrict the Chinese? How? Why?

- Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): congress temporarily excluded all immigrants from china from entering the country - became perminant in 1892 —> because there were a lot of Chinese there—> did not need more laborconnect - segregated them (like blacks): different education, expelled from towns, expelled from mining camps - suffered intense descrimination and some mob violence on west coast (*Cali) Citizenship? --> gave Chinese children born on US soil citizenship, but they got (racial) restrictions on immigration *could be expelled without due process of law *Chinese already in US had to register with the government and carry around papers (ID cards) or get deported ~ ID cards were like mugshots —> criminalized them

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

- Founded in 1874 - Era's largest female organization - Under banner of Home Protection (???) *moved from demanding prohibition of alcoholic drinks (said they led men to squander wages on drinks, and abuse their wives) to a comprehensive program of economic and political reform (including women's suferidge) - said that because women are "by nature naturally weak" they had to band together and make a change

"yuppie"

young urban professional who earned a high income working in a bank or stock-brokerage firm and spent lavishly on designer clothing and other trappings of the good life *Played into 1980s theme that making deals > making products was the easiest way to get rich

Jacob Coxey

Populist who led Coxey's Army to march to DC to seek government jobs for the unemployed. *Coxey's Army

Farmers Alliance

- Founded in Texas late 1870s was in almost all 50 states by 1890 - pretty much any farmer allowed (women, black, etc.) --> only title @ beginning required was FARMER CURRENTLY - farmers in debt—> blamed it on high freight rates charged by railroad companies, high interest rates from merchants&bankers, and fiscal policies of the federal government that helped reduce supply of $ and helped push down farm prices - PLAN TO COUNTER THIS = Subtreasury Plan - Largest citizens alliance aimed to help farmers dilemma *accepted modern technology --> issues both ways... 1- if they do everybody might make a lot --> causes prices to go down 2- if they don't they might not make enough *wanted to take out excesses and shortfalls of agriculture (prices, etc.) --> have crops in reserve as collateral if they have a bad year, their crops fail, etc... Said they could do things besides fight the railroads or persuade the government --> could ALSO come together and teach the next generation the best education, the best technology of farming so they can work to the best of their ability (*EDUCATIONAL PLATFORM) **DID NOT GET INTO POLITICS --> created a seperate group to go into subtreasury plan

Social Gospel

- Ideals preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization *ATTACKED INDIVIDUAL SINS (drinking, sabbath breaking) & SAW NOTHING IMMORAL ABOUT THE PURSUIT OF RICHES - Insisted that freedom and spiritual development required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood - Originated as an effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding their appeal in poor urban neighborhoods and making them more attentive to the era's social ills - Established missions and relie programs in urban areas in effort to alleviate poverty, combat child labor, and encourage the construction of better working-class housing

Tweed Ring

- In NY - Ran by William M. Tweed - Plundered 10s of millions of dollars - Reached it into every neighborhood - Created a private well fare system that provided food, fuel, and jobs in hard times *How it worked* - Boss provided immigrants with housing and work - in return the immigrants gave the boss their vote (who they wanted to win) -> got city LAWS, inside info. - tenants of the apartments gave Boss $$ (kickbacks) in return for keeping their apartments full - in return for keeping their factories full, the factory owners gave Boss $ (workers working off their housing) *Effect* - politicians wanted to find ways to cost the boss' people $$ (apartment owner, factory owner) ex.) building codes - NYC trying to build subway; tweed directs contract to digging company friend --> in exchange tweed gets payment to company *tweed would find where the subway will be built --> would buy it from the owner for a reasonable price; then will sell the city for 3X that amount so they can build their subway

Haymarket Square riot

- Violence during an anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886; the deaths of eight, including seven policemen, led to the trial of eight anarchist leaders for conspiracy to commit murder

In re Debs

- after the American railway union announced that its members would refuse to handle trains w pullan cars —> boycott. Crippled national rail service - —> attorney general Richard Onley obtained a federal court injunction ordering the strikers back to work - **strike collaposed when unions leaders were jailed for contempt of court ~the case~ - Supreme Court unanimously confirmed the sentences and approved June of injunctions against striking labor unions - When Debs was released from prison 100,000 people greeted him @ the Chicago railroad depot

Sherman Antitrust Act

- banned all combinations and practices that restrained free trade *ISSUES - language was so vague that it became almost impossible to enforce

Puerto Rico

- became a low wage plantion economy controlled by absentee American Corporations *low wage plantation economy - american policies tended to serve the intrests of land-based local elites - poorest residents in the entire Caribbean

National Association of Colored Women (1896)

- black women activists - brought together local & regional women's clubs to press for women's rights AND racial uplift *challenged racial ideology that said all blacks are always 2nd class citizens WHAT THEY DID: - aided poor families - offered lessons in home life & childbearing - battled gambling & drinking in black communities (wanted to be considered "respectable" by whites)

Redeemers

- coalition of merchants, planters, and buisness entrepreneurs who dominated the regions politics after 1877 (*ex plantation owners/their sons) - Moved to undo as much of Reconstruction as possible - MAIN GOAL: attack the public school system because of expense to educate blacks - "Redeeming" the south/the lost cause - Builds up to the Jim Crow Laws

What was the "Age of Imperialism"?

- dominated by european powers and japan - these empires controlled world affairs - americans increased overseas influence ~ spread alot by (christian) missionaries

San Juan Hill

- highly publicized land battle of the war in Cuba - charge up San Juan Hill (outside santiago) by Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders (US won) **Roosevelt did this as a PRIVATE CITIZEN (had resigned as secretary of navy) **made Roosevelt a national hero (elected New York govorner that fall and 1900 became McKinley's VP) EFFECT: - we owned Guantanamo Bay - working for phillipenes - now led charge to go after other spanish colonies **US BECOMES COLONIAL POWER

Homestead Act

- homestead steel mills = most profitable and technological advanced in the world - 1892-> Carnegie & Henry Clay Frick (his local supervisor) decided to operate the plant on a nonunion basis so going forward only workers who agreed NOT to join the union could work at Homestead - July 6, 1892—> workers blockaded the steelworks and mobilized support from the local community - Arm strikers confronted 300 private policemen from the Plinkerton Detective Agency —> many killed & Plinkertons were forced to retreat - On July 10 the govoner of Pennsylvania dispatched 8000 militiamen ===> effect of dispatch was the Amalgamated Association was destroyed **EFFECT: - showed that powerful unions or public opinions COULD NOT affect the largest corporations *Also changed ideals of freedom... 1- employer's def of freedom: property rights unrestrained by union rules or public regulation, sustained by the public good 2- Workers def of freedom: stressed economic security and independence from what they considered the "tyranny" of employers ***SAID THEY WERE WRONG —> this freedom didn't exist for large corporations

Gilded Age

- no rules --> you can be incredibly successful at everybody else's expense - big dog eats little dog *1870-1890* - glittering surface w/ a core of little real valve - new corporations immerged immune to democratic control *raised questions about democratic control

Spanish-American War

- sparked by the USS Maine —> Spain rejected a US demand for cease fire on Cuba & eventual cuban independance —> president McKinley in April asked congress for a declaration of war - lasted 4 months (>400 US deaths) **GO OVER**

Teller Amendment

- states that the US had no intention of annexing or dominating Cuba - promise that we will give them anything but you will give us something in return **by Senator Henry Teller of Colorado

Civil Rights Bill

1866 by Illinois senator Lyman Trumbull- guarenteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves Said... *all persons born in US = citizens* these citizens (regardless of race) had.... -equality before the law -states couldn't enact laws like black codes to discriminate black and white citizens -no state could deprive a citizen the right to make contracts, bring lawsuits, or enjoy equal protection of ones person&property (no mention of right to vote) *vetoed by Johnson, congress didn't get 2/3 over rule by ONE vote --> became a Bill in April 1866

Tenure of Office Act

1867 law that required the president to obtain Senate approval to remove any official whose appointment had also required Senate approval; President Andrew Johnson's violation of the law by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton led to Johnson's impeachment. **GO OVER IMPEACHMENT, IF VOTE WAS UNDER 2/3 HOW....?**

14th Amendment

1868 constitutional amendment that guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves (all persons born in US) did NOT give blacks the right to vote, BUT said... "if you choose to exclude a certain group you lose representation in congress" ~ gave choice either to keep full representation or limit vote to whites and sacrifice part of their political power *MAKES blacks 1 person (not 3/5) "ANY person born OR naturalized in the US are citizens" - tells blacks, women, etc. that they are citizens ...now - what is a citizen? (what does it mean to be a citizen? what rights do they get?) "NOR deny to any person within its jurisdiction the EQUAL protection of the laws" --> IMPORTANT for same sex marriage ---> MANY descrimination&minority cases being brought under this

Platt Amendment

1901 amendment to the Cuban constitutuon (by senator Orville H. Platt of CT) that reserved the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and foced newly independant Cuba to host american naval bases on the island **US could intevrene militariky whenever it saw fit *US aquired a perminant lease on naval stations in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay)

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. *Worked @ Homestead Steel Mills *Homestead Act

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A federation of trade unions founded in 1881, composed mostly of skilled, white, native-born workers; its long-term president was Samuel Gompers. - members were usually from economic sectors such as printing and building construction that were dominated by small competitive buisness (didn't have a big presence on basic industries or the dominating large scale factories) *recognized that direct confrontation with large corporations was suicidal --> differed from Knights of Labor's utopian dream of creating a "cooperative commonwealth" --> said the labor movement should devote itself to negotiating with employers for higher wages and bettwe working conditions for its members **"BUISNESS UNIONISM"**

"yellow journalism" ("yellow press")

Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World snd William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal in the 1890s; the paper's accounts of events in Havanah Harbor in 1898 led directly to the Spanish-American War. *known for Hearst's yellow-paged popular comic (NOT cartoon--> comics are FUNNY) strip —> strip printed sensational accounts of crime and political corruption with aggressive appeals to patriotic sentiments (*yellow is the easiest way to print) *yellow press exaggerates the truth to sell it and make a profit --> yellow kid exaggerates the truth to make it funny *gets very close to "not lying" --> heavy exaggerations **SENSATIONALIST** (def: a person who presents stories in a way that is intended to provoke public interest or excitement, at the expense of accuracy)

Insular Cases

Series of cases between 1901 and 1904 in which the Supreme Court ruled that constitutional protection of individual rights did not fully apply to residents of "insular" territories acquired by the United States in the Spanish-American War, such as Puerto Rico and the Philippines. *said the 2 principles CENTRAL to american freedom since the war of independence (no taxation without represenatuon and government baded on the consent of thr governed) were ABAONDENED —> hypocritical

What did this say/illustrate about the U.S.?

Shows that.... - racism is a practice that is deeply rooted in society - "land of the free" IS NOT TRUE --> really land for the whites...

Atlanta Cotton Exposition Speech

Speech to the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1865 by educator Booker T. Washington, the leading black spokesman of the day; black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois gave the speech its derisive name and criticized Washington for encouraging blacks to accomidate segregation and disenfranchisement *told blacks to adjust to segregation and abandon agitation for civil rights--> said obtaining farms or skilled jobs was far more important to blacks emerging from slavery than the rights of citizenship *stressed that if blacks were going to succeed and improve themselves in society, they would need to do so in BLACK society (would NOT succeed in whites) *if they try to enter whites world they would be met with violence/death *in north too!!!!! Not just south—> segregation was universal in US *DO NOT INSTIGATE* Black community's reaction: - MIXED response - supporters: pragmatic realists (understands he's just speaking truth) —> idea that you do have the power to do better; but you can make it a lot easier if you accept what's happening **not majority support - opposers: you can succeed in the black society, but the whites control the black society—> to ensure your success, succeed in the white world **if you make it in the white world, you are in the world **risk vs. reward BOOKER T. WASHINGTON's SUCCESS: - gets support from some blacks - gets lots of support from whites —> fund a lot of what he's doing —> fund his education Whites: "we would love to support your cause of staying in your own lane" —> founded Tuskegee University —> for blacks - invited to Oval Office by president roosevelt (*other leaders don't get invited - most PUSH for integration) **silver city, atlanta (mostly black) vs. Atlanta (white)

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The last piece of Reconstruction legislation, which outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation such as hotels and theaters. Many parts of it were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883.

How did the role of government shift after reconstruction?

The national gov't can now regulate the economy to promote the public good (shown through ICC and Sherman Antitrust Act)