Chapter 15

Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream. A) 500 liters B) 100 liters C) 200 liters D) 50 liters

C) 200 liters

Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment. (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra ____________________. A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2

C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

The renal corpuscle consists of two parts, the glomerular capillaries and __________. A) the loop of Henle B) the proximal tubule C) Bowman's capsule D) the afferent arteriole

C) Bowman's capsule

Which of the following is not one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur? A) The internal urethral sphincter must open B) The detrusor muscle must contract C) The extrusor muscle must relax D) The external urethral sphincter must open

C) The extrusor muscle must relax

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a podocyte B) an efferent arteriole C) a vasa recta D) a fenestrated capillary

C) a vasa recta

The _______ keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed from the bladder, and prevents leaking between voiding. A) external urethral orifice B) prostatic urethra C) internal urethral sphincter D) external urethral sphincter

C) internal urethral sphincter

The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the __________. A) cortex B) glomerular capillary C) nephron D) renal pyramid

C) nephron

The _____________ attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall. A) ureter B) fibrous capsule C) perirenal fat capsule D) renal fascia

C) perirenal fat capsule

The _________ is an outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures. The _________ prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidneys. A) fibrous capsule; perirenal fat capsule B) fibrous capsule; renal fascia C) renal fascia; fibrous capsule D) renal fascia; perirenal fat capsule

C) renal fascia; fibrous capsule

The _______ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney, which exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. A) renal pelvis B) renal column C) renal medulla D) renal cortex

C) renal medulla

After urine is produced in the kidney, it leaves the kidney via the: A) urethras. B) bladder. C) ureters.

C) ureters.

__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine. A) Renal pyramids B) Glomerular capsules C) Major calyces D) Nephrons

D) Nephrons

Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) pituitary B) pancreas C) thymus D) adrenal

D) adrenal

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) lobar B) cortical radiate C) interlobar D) arcuate

D) arcuate

The renal hilum lies on the ______ surface of the kidney. A) lateral B) inferior C) superior D) medial

D) medial

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) glomerular capsule B) loop of Henle C) basement membrane of the capillaries D) nephron

D) nephron

Urine passes through the ________. A) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule B) hilum to urethra to bladder C) renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter D) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

D) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron. A) True B) False

A) True

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder. A) True B) False

B) False

Micturition is: A) only present in males. B) a sacral reflex. C) production of urine. D) a mechanism for concentrating urine. E) secretion of acid.

B) a sacral reflex.

The _____________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the ______________. A) renal pyramids; calyces B) calyces; renal pelvis C) renal pelvis; calyces D) renal pyramids; renal pelvis

B) calyces; renal pelvis

Major calyces are: A) expanded ends of nephrons. B) large branches of the renal pelvis. C) basic functional units of the kidneys. D) the expanded ends of renal pyramids E) cone-shaped structures located in the renal medulla.

B) large branches of the renal pelvis.

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder B) the stretching of the bladder wall C) the sympathetic efferents D) motor neurons

B) the stretching of the bladder wall

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) maintains blood osmolarity B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the: A) renal corpuscle. B) major calyx. C) glomerulus. D) nephron. E) loop of Henle.

D) nephron.

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) simple squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) stratified squamous D) transitional

D) transitional

Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine? A) Sodium B) Water C) Chloride D) Nitrogenous waste E) Protein

E) Protein

The blood supply to the nephron is the: A) interlobular artery. B) renal artery. C) efferent arteriole. D) segmental artery. E) afferent arteriole.

E) afferent arteriole.

Which vessel delivers blood directly to the glomerular capillaries? A) Afferent arteriole B) Efferent arteriole C) Interlobular artery

A) Afferent arteriole

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B) the descending loop of Henle C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla

A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Fluid (filtrate) that has moved through the proximal tubule then moves into what part of the nephron? A) Descending limb of the loop of Henle B) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle C) Distal tubule D) Collecting duct

A) Descending limb of the loop of Henle

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? A) Producing the hormones melanin and oxytocin B) Metabolizing vitamin D to its active form C) Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting D) Maintaining the proper balance between water and salts and between acids and bases

A) Producing the hormones melanin and oxytocin

Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. B) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. C) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. D) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.

A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition. A) True B) False

A) True

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding. A) True B) False

A) True

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. A) True B) False

A) True

The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. A) True B) False

A) True

The renal cortex contains the glomeruli. A) True B) False

A) True

The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. A) True B) False

A) True

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle. A) True B) False

A) True

The urethra has two functions in men, but only one in women. A) True B) False

A) True

Urine is 95% water by volume. A) True B) False

A) True

Each nephron consists of a _______________, which is a tuft of capillaries, and a ___________. A) glomerulus; renal tubule B) glomerulus; renal plexus C) renal plexus; renal tubule D) renal plexus; glomerulus

A) glomerulus; renal tubule

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position B) produces vitamin D C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

A) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. A) True B) False

B) False

The thick smooth-muscle layer of the bladder is called the trigone. A) True B) False

B) False

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. A) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 D) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4

B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

An excessive urine output is called anuria. A) True B) False

B) False

Blood is carried to the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole. A) True B) False

B) False

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis. A) True B) False

B) False

Juxtamedullary nephrons account for more than 80% of the nephrons. A) True B) False

B) False

The kidneys are located in the lower abdominal cavity at the L5 to S3 region. A) True B) False

B) False

The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney. A) True B) False

B) False

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? A) They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum. B) They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently. C) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). D) They are made up of several layers of endothelium.

C) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).

Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder? A) Papillary duct B) Urethra C) Ureter D) Renal pelvis E) Prostate

C) Ureter