Chapter 15 A&P_exam review

Neurons on the superior olivary nucleus compare information from both ears to determine the loudness of sound. True False

False

Mr. Finn has had a stroke that damaged the trigeminal nerve but not the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerves. If he ate spicy nachos, what experience would he encounter?

He would not be able to sense spiciness from the nachos

In the dark (absence of a stimulus), the photoreceptors are:

depolarized

function of pharyngotympanic tube

equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

Damage to the hair cells of the spiral organ (organ of Corti) can result in a loss of:

hearing

What taste sensation results when sodium ions enter gustatory cells through sodium ion channel receptors, and the cell depolarizes?

salty

Where are the general senses located?

skin

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting information about sounds and head position and movement to the brain?

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Determine the correct order of events that occur when light strikes photoreceptor cells. 1. The bipolar cell depolarizes. 2. Action potentials are sent to the brain via the optic nerve (CN II). 3. Light hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor. 4. Retinal ganglion cell produces action potentials.

3, 1, 4, 2

The sense of equilibrium does NOT depend on input from: A. the cochlea B. the vestibular system C. the visual system D. proprioceptors in muscles and joints.

A

If your vision is normal and you put on your hyperopic friend's glasses, where is the focal point located in relationship to the retina?

Anterior to the retina -Convex lens converges the rays so that focal point lands anterior to the retina.

What description best matches the function of stereocilia?

Bending of the stereocilia produces depolarization or hyperpolarization in hair cells.

Which of the following statements about special senses is correct? A. Special senses detect stimuli such as touch, pain, and temperature B. Special sense stimuli are detected by the receptive endings of sensory neurons C. Special sense input is carried by both spinal and cranial neurons D. All special senses, except smell, rely on specialized receptor cells to detect stimuli

D

When sound waves bend stereocilia, what happens?

Hair cells depolarize, releasing neurotransmitter, and triggering an action potential

Twenty-year-old Leslie learned she is hyperopic after having her eyes examined. What best describes her eye condition?

Her eyeballs are too short

You ordered coleslaw at a new restaurant but unfortunately suffered repeated bouts of vomiting for the next 12 hours. Three years later, your stomach turns at the very thought of eating coleslaw. What area of the brain is affected that conditioned you to feel this way?

Limbic system

What structure allows the pressure in the middle ear to equalize with the pressure in the outer ear?

Pharyngotympanic tube

Describe transduction in photoreceptors when light stimulates them

Photoreceptor cells hyperpolarize and stop inhibiting bipolar cells

A tumor that destroys saliva-producing cells can interfere with taste sensation because of _________.

Saliva would decrease and would affect tastants from dissolving in the saliva and binding to receptors.

If the lens of the eye is flattened, in what state are the ciliary body and suspensory ligaments?

The ciliary body is relaxed, and the suspensory ligaments are tensed.

What is the function of the lens?

The lens focuses light on the retina.

The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as:

accommodation

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the:

auditory ossicles

Where are sound vibrations amplified?

auditory ossicles

The olfactory nerves (CN I) are formed by:

axons of the olfactory neurons

The loudness of sound is determined by the vibrations of the __________.

basilar membrane

What supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

basilar membrane

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

cochlea

name inner ear structures

cochlea, vestibule & semicircular canals

While viewing a colorful painting in a museum, you will mostly use your __________.

cones Cones can detect color, because they contain the pigment photopsin, which responds to wavelengths we perceive as either blue, green, or red

The sclera is continuous with a transparent layer over the anterior eye known as the __________.

cornea

What parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina?

cornea & lens

What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS?

cranial nerves only

What detects dynamic equilibrium?

crista ampullaris (in ampulla of semicircular canals)

The three layers of the eyeball, from outer to inner, are:

fibrous, vascular & neural layers(tunics)

Which of the following papillae found on the surface of the tongue contains no taste buds, but does contain sensory nerve endings to detect the temperature and texture of food?

filiform papillae

What region of the retina contains a high density of photoreceptor cells and allows for extremely detailed vision?

fovea centralis

Identify the cranial nerves involved in carrying taste information from the tongue into the CNS.

glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX) facial nerves (CN VII) vagus nerves (CN X)

Specialized epithelial cells that contain receptors to detect taste are called __________.

gustatory cells (Gustatory cells have microvilli with receptors for taste on their apical surface. The basal end of each gustatory cell forms a synapse with the receptive endings of a sensory neuron.)

What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil?

iris

What structures are in the vascular layer of the eyeball?

iris, choroid & ciliary body

The otolithic membrane plays a role in the detection of:

linear acceleration and head tilting

Where does each half of the visual field get segregated so that it reaches the opposite hemisphere of the brain?

optic chiasma

What would you expect if a person experienced degeneration of the rods?

loss of vision at night

The receptor cells for static equilibrium are located in the:

maculae of the utricle & saccule of the vestibule

The startle reflex occurs when auditory information reaches the __________.

midbrain

If you are standing still and then you start moving forward, the endolymph in your inner ear will __________.

move forward more slowly than the hair cells

The activation of olfactory receptors requires that the odorant become immersed in:

mucus

A tumor has destroyed the areas of a patient's thalamus that are part of the special senses pathways. Which of the following special senses will NOT be affected?

olfactory

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

parietal lobe

The optic disc is known as the blind spot because:

photoreceptors are absent from the optic disc.

The three types of cones are designated:

red, green & blue

If you are sitting in class and you nod to respond "yes," this will be detected by the structures involved in __________.

static equilibrium

When stereocilia of the hair cells of the maculae bend towards the kinocilium what happens

stimulation of the vestibular nerve increases (As stereocilia bend toward the kinocilium, the hair cells depolarize and release more glutamate, stimulating the neurons of the vestibular nerve.)

The five major taste sensations are:

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami.

What gland secretes oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together?

tarsal gland

Where does the conscious awareness of sound begin, along with the analysis of its pitch, location, and loudness?

temporal lobe

To what part of the brain are both general and most special senses carried?

thalamus

Special senses, such as sight and sound, are converted to an action potential by:

transduction

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

tympanic membrane

As sound waves travel into the ear, they pass from the auditory canal to the:

tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, perilymph, vestibuli of the cochlea

You feel dizzy and lose your balance whenever you tilt your head back to look at the sky. In which part of the inner ear is dysfunction likely causing your symptoms?

utricle -Utricle senses linear acceleration as with the example stated in the question.

Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers stimulates receptors in the:

utricle & saccule

What gelatinous mass helps maintain the shape of the eyeball?

vitreous humor