Chapter 15. Ch 8, ch 9 ch 13,1,2,3,4 ,10,12,11
Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together?
glycolipids in the glycocalyx
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
goblet cells
If unmatched blood is administered in the prehospital setting, it will almost always be:
O, Rh-negative
Most of the complications caused by intubation-induced hypoxia:
are subtle and occur gradually.
Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins.
are very stable and insoluble in water
Edema occurs when....
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone?
blood vessels
The paramedic should suspect altered medication metabolism in a patient with:
chronic alcoholism.
asthma
chronic inflammatory condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production
The hypoxic drive stimulates breathing in patients with:
chronically decreased PaO2 levels.
An epithelial membrane...
contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?
epithelial tissue
An example of a pair of isomers would be...
fructose - glucose
organelle
functional structures within a cells cytoplasm.
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified....
functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions
A _________ medication typically includes a "stem" that links it to other medications in the same class.
generic
If an initial dose of adenosine is ineffective for a 130-pound patient, you should:
give 12 mg after 1 to 2 minutes.
Sodium bicarbonate may be indicated for all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:
hypokalemia.
In late adults, the size of the airway _______ and the surface area of the alveoli _______.
increases, decreases
The fourth heart sound (S4):
indicates increased pressure in the atria
Salts are always...
ionic compounds
All of the following are complications associated with orotracheal intubation, EXCEPT:
necrosis of the nasal mucosa.
Dendrites
receive electrical impulses from the axons of other nerve cells and conduct them towards the cell body
Metaproterenol sulfate (Alupent) is contraindicated in patients with:
tachycardia due to digitalis toxicity.
Oxygen that is entirely devoid of moisture:
will dry the patient's mucous membranes quickly.
Which of the following is not a direction?
frontal
Patients between 41 and 60 years of age are LEAST susceptible to:
...
Potassium
...
RENAL BUFFER COMPONENT
...
hemolytic anemia
...
hyperkalemia
...
increased intake or absorption such as antacid ingestion, endocrine disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, cancers,
...
The form of carbohydrate stored in the liver is called...
glycogen
Glucagon can be classified as all of the following, EXCEPT as a:
hypoglycemic agent.
Which of the following questions would be of LEAST pertinence when trying to determine a patient's current health status?
"Are your mother and father still living?"
BASE
...
The standard adult dose for levalbuterol (Xopenex) is:
1.25 to 2.5 mg in 3 mL of normal saline every 20 minutes, up to 3 times.
In general, the paramedic can administer up to ___ mg of naloxone (Narcan) before contacting medical control.
10
To prevent muscular fasciculations associated with the use of succinylcholine, you should administer:
10% of the usual dose of a nondepolarizing paralytic.
Which of the following represents a correct dose of Solu-Medrol for a 115-pound adult with anaphylaxis?
100 mg
What is the initial dose of sodium bicarbonate for a 240-pound man?
110 mEq
Which of the following represents the correct adult dose of albuterol when given via nebulizer?
2.5 mg diluted in 2.5 mL of normal saline
The average depth of ET tube insertion for adult patients is:
21 to 25 cm.
A unit of packed red blood cells contains approximately _____ to _____ mL of concentrated red blood cells.
225, 250
A unit of PRBC's contains approximately:
225-250 mL of concentrated RBC's
A full (2,000 psi) D cylinder will last approximately ______ minutes if you are administering oxygen at 12 L/min.
24
Which of the following represents a correct adult dose of diphenhydramine?
25 to 50 mg IM
A mouth-opening width of less than ___ cm indicates a potentially difficult airway.
3
The maximum total dose of atropine for a 190-pound patient is:
3 mg
The maximum total dose of atropine for a 190-pound patient is:
3 mg.
The peak effect of pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) is:
3 to 5 minutes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cellular structure consisting of a complex network of fine, branching tubules and interconnected folded membranes.
Which of the following is an example of a pertinent negative?
A patient with chest discomfort denies shortness of breath.
Atenolol is indicated for all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:
AV heart block.
What classification of medication is activated charcoal?
Adsorbent
Which of the following medications promotes the cellular uptake of potassium, making it a potential temporary treatment for hyperkalemia?
Albuterol
_______ can promote cellular uptake of potassium, making it a potential temporary treatment for hyperkalemia until definitive potassium removal occurs
Albuterol
Which of the following patients may benefit from CPAP?
Alert patient with respiratory distress following submersion in water
Which of the following medications does NOT possess hypnotic properties?
Alfentanil
a substance that provokes allergies
Allergen
Which of the following medications converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which chemically binds with cyanide and prevents its toxic effect?
Amyl nitrite
Which of the following statements regarding ascites is correct?
Ascites is a collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
What phase of the capnographic waveform is called the expiratory upslope?
B-C
12. Fentanyl is the preferred opioid analgesic for patients in critical or unstable condition because:
B.) it is not as prone to causing hypotension as morphine
GRAM NEGATIVE
BACTERIA THAT HAVE BEEN DECOLORIZED AND ACCEPT THE RED COUNTER STAIN. WORSE OF THE TWO FOR HUMANS
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
BACTERIA THAT RESIST DECOLORIZATION AND RETAIN PURPLE STAIN
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
CH4
Muscle Tissue
Characterized by its ability to contract. Enclosed by fascia, overlie the framework of the skeleton.
Nerve Tissue
Characterized by its ability to transmit nerve impulses.
Which of the following clinical presentations warrants immediate transport?
Chest discomfort; heart rate of 110 beats/min; systolic BP of 90 mm Hg
Paramedics should suspect altered metabolism of medications in patients with:
Chronic Alcoholism, liver disease, or any condition known to affect the liver.
In most infants, the primary method of communicating distress is:
Crying
Which of the following statements regarding pharmacology is correct?
Despite the advanced science of pharmacology, adverse reactions are commonplace.
Detoxify alcohol in liver cells
Detoxify hydrogen peroxide by enzyme catalase .
Which of the following medications is derived from a plant source?
Digoxin
Which of the following medications should NOT be given through an IV line of D5W?
Dilantin
What type of medication is used to eliminate certain toxins from the body?
Diuretic
Which of the following statements regarding dobutamine is correct?
Dobutamine increases myocardial contractility, but has minimal effect on the heart rate.
Draws fluid into the interstitial space
Edema
This medication should be used with extreme caution in patients with myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, or cardiogenic shock.
Epinephrine
Endogenous catecholamine's include:
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine
Which of the following medications is safest to use in patients with borderline hypotension or hypovolemia?
Etomidate
Which of the following statements regarding fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is correct?
FFP must be compatible with the recipient's blood type, but does not have to be Rh compatible.
Paying attention, making eye contact, and repeating key information from the patient's answers are examples of:
Facilitation
, What is the preferred analgesic for patients in critical or unstable conditions in the emergency setting?
Fentanyl is generally not as prone to causing hypotension, thus making it the preferred analgesic
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid inside cells. 45% of total body weight.
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside of cells. 15% of body weight.
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?
Golgi bodies
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?
HCl+NaOH = NaCl+H2O
Which of the following statements regarding hetastarch (Hespan) is correct?
Hetastarch can expand circulating volume for up to 36 hours.
Which of the following statements regarding benzodiazepine medications is NOT correct?
High doses of a benzodiazepine may be needed to maintain a patient's blood pressure.
Which of the following is NOT a physiologic effect of epinephrine?
Histamine receptor agonist
Which of the following clinical effects would you expect to observe in a patient who is receiving dopamine in a dosing range of 2 to 4 μg/kg/minute?
Increased urine output
Which of the following conditions would MOST likely cause laryngeal spasm and edema?
Inhalation injury
Which of the following medications possesses positive inotropic effects, allows the cellular uptake of glucose, and is used in the treatment of hyperkalemia?
Insulin
Paramedics may supplement beta-agonist medications with ______, when treating patients with bronchospasm or reactive airway disease
Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)
Which of the following statements regarding succinylcholine is correct?
It has a rapid onset of action and short duration of action.
Which of the following statements regarding clopidogrel (Plavix) is correct?
It should not be given to patients taking a proton pump inhibitor.
Which of the following is NOT proper procedure when inserting a nasogastric tube in a responsive patient?
Keeping the patient's head in an extended position while inserting the tube
For which of the following conditions may a patient be prescribed furosemide?
Kidney dysfunction
Which of the following abnormal respiratory patterns generally do NOT suggest brain injury or cerebral anoxia?
Kussmaul respirations
Most biotransformation of medication occurs in the ________
Liver
Metoprolol has the brand name _____________, which may be a subtle reference to lowering the blood pressure.
Lopressor
synthesis and packaging of carbohydrates and complex protein molecules such as enzymes.
Lysosomes
VIRULENCE
MEASURES THE DISEASE CAUSING ABILITY OF A MICRO ORGANISM
REFERS TO THE PRESENCE OF DISEASE OR TO THE INCIDENCE OR PREVALENCE OF THE DISEASE.
MORBIDITY
NUMBER OF DEATHS CAUSED BY DISEASE
MORTALITY
Which imaging device would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?
MRI
Neurons
Main conducting cells of the nerve tissue
Which of the following actions will provide the BEST personal protection when caring for a patient on uneven terrain?
Making lifts and moves as controlled as possible
Which of the following statements regarding the IM route of medication administration is correct?
Medications have a bioavailability of 75% to 100% following IM administration.
Which of the following statements regarding multilumen airways is correct?
Multilumen airways are equipped with an oropharyngeal cuff, which eliminates the need for a mask seal.
The basic structural material of the body consists of...
Na
Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?
Na
For which of the following conditions is diphenhydramine contraindicated?
Narrow-angle glaucoma
Morphine sulfate is know to cause:
Nausea and vomiting in up to 28% of patients
Which medication has the potential to reduce cardiac preload and afterload, reduces myocardial oxygen demand, and improves coronary circulation?
Nitroglycerine
What classification of medication is ketorolac (Toradol)?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
Which of the following factors would be the LEAST likely to affect a patient's response to a medication?
Past medical history
__________ entails gently striking the surface of the body, typically where it overlies various body cavities.
Percussion
membrane bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. Function as intracellular digestive system breaking down cellular debris such as bacteria or dead organelles.
Peroxisomes
Which of the following statements regarding plasma-protein binding is correct?
Plasma-protein binding releases medication as circulating levels of a particular medication begin to fall, leading to a longer duration of action.
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin when given to patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction?
Prevents platelets from aggregating and forming emboli
Which of the following findings is MOST clinically significant in a 30-year-old woman with difficulty breathing and a history of asthma?
Prior ICU admission for her asthma
Medication molecules temporarily attach to _______ in the blood plasma, therefor altering the distribution of certain medications within the body. This is referred to as____________.
Protein, Plasma protein binding
The molecule that is frequently modified after copying is...
RNA by removing introns and joining exons
Scientific research has demonstrated the presence of ___________ in proteins connected to the cells throughout the body. These are activated by _________ chemicals, those occurring naturally within the body, and by the presence of medications and chemicals absorbed into the body.
Receptor, endogenous
Phenobarbital is classified as a:
Schedule IV barbiturate
Phenobarbital is classified as a:
Schedule IV barbiturate.
Cardiac - striated, involuntary
Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary/lines most glands, digestive organs lower airways and vessels.
What is the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin?
Smooth muscle relaxation; decreased preload and afterload
Which of the following occurs during phase 1 of the cardiac cellular action potential?
Sodium influx decreases while potassium slowly exits the cell
A patient receives several doses of the same drug within a short period of time, after which point the medication does not relieve his symptoms. Which of the following has MOST likely occurred?
Tachyphylaxis
Which of the following statements regarding the patient assessment process is correct?
The assessment process must be organized and systematic, yet flexible enough to allow you to maximize the amount of information you can gather.
Which of the following statements regarding the endotracheal route of medication administration is correct?
The endotracheal route is no longer considered a reliable method of medication administration.
Which of the following statements regarding the automatic transport ventilator (ATV) is correct?
The paramedic can control an apneic patient's minute volume with accuracy when using an ATV.
Which of the following statements regarding fentanyl (Sublimaze) is correct?
The peak effect of fentanyl is 3 to 5 minutes.
Which of the following statements regarding the rapid exam of a trauma patient is correct?
The rapid exam is used to identify injuries that must be managed before and during packaging and loading the patient for transport.
Which of the following describes first-order elimination?
The rate of elimination is directly influenced by the plasma levels of the substance.
Which of the following statements regarding the tonsils is correct?
The tonsils are comprised of lymphatic tissue and help to trap bacteria.
The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose is known as the:
Therapeutic Index
What is the mechanism of action of anticoagulant medications?
They prevent new clot formation and the growth of existing clots.
Which of the following medications is indicated for patients with delirium tremens?
Thiamine
The most lateral part of the body in the anatomic position is the....
Thumb
Which of the following indicates that the lighted stylet has entered the trachea?
Tightly circumscribed light below the thyroid cartilage
Which of the following is an influencing factor regarding the administration of a fibrinolytic drug to a patient experiencing an acute myocardial infarction?
Time of symptom onset
Pressure of fluids in tissue pushing fluids back into capillaries. Close to zero if Lymph system functioning properly.
Tissue Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
generated by dissolved proteins in the plasma that are too large to penetrate the capillary membrane
Tissue Hydrostatic Pressure
Using the DOPE mnemonic, which of the following interventions would you MOST likely have to perform if you suspect "O" as the cause of acute deterioration in the intubated child?
Tracheobronchial suctioning
You have intubated a 70-year-old man with chronic bronchitis and are en route to the hospital. During transport, you note that ventilations are becoming increasingly difficult and the digital capnometry reading is falling. Your partner tells you that she can still hear bilaterally equal breath sounds, but they are faint. She further tells you that there are no sounds over the epigastrium. What intervention is MOST likely indicated for this patient?
Tracheobronchial suctioning
If a tRNA had an AGC anitcodon, it could attach to a(n) mRNA codon.
UCG
If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for mRNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?
UGCAA
Which of the following hazards would you LEAST likely encounter at the scene of a motor vehicle crash?
Unruly patient
Which of the following structures contains epithelial cells that create a continuous barrier to medication absorption?
Urinary tract
Which of the following statements regarding vasopressin is correct?
Vasopressin is a naturally occurring hormone that is secreted in response to intravascular volume depletion.
Which of the following statements regarding vasopressin (Pitressin) is correct?
Vasopressin is an alternative to epinephrine in cardiac arrest.
Which of the following statements regarding translaryngeal catheter ventilation is correct?
Ventilation is achieved by the use of a high-pressure jet ventilator.
Negative Feedback
When biologic action is complete, opposing system of original cell signal is activated to discontinue the action.
Which of the following statements regarding an intoxicated patient is correct?
While the patient is trying to explain things to you, his or her anger can escalate faster than if he or she were not intoxicated.
A drug that is contraindicated for pregnant women is assigned an FDA pregnancy category:
X
If studies in animals or human beings have demonstrated fetal abnormalities, or if there is evidence of fetal risk based on human experience, a pregnancy category ___ is assigned to a medication.
X
Generic Medications typically include:
a "stem" that links them to other medications in the same class
Regardless of the internal diameter, all ET tubes have
a 15/22-mm proximal adaptor.
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-
a bicarbonate ion
You should be MOST suspicious of tube misplacement following an open cricothyrotomy if
a crackling sensation is noted when palpating the neck.
Atelectasis occurs when:
a deficiency of surfactant causes alveolar collapse
In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have...
a high degree of unsaturated bonds
Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in...
a hypertonic solution
Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens?
a lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material
The person most likely to develop hypotonic extracellular fluid would be...
a marathoner allowed only water to drink
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
What is a dipole?
a polar molecule
Situational depression is:
a reaction to a stressful event in a patient's life
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains....
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
The MOST reliable means of attempting to determine an unresponsive medical patient's problem is:
a thorough head-to-toe physical examination
The term affinity, as it applies to pharmacology, is MOST accurately defined as the:
ability of a medication to bind to a receptor
You are attempting to intubate a 5-year-old girl when you note that her heart rate has fallen from 120 beats/min to 80 beats/min. A patent IV line has been established. The MOST appropriate action is to:
abort the attempt and ventilate with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen.
If the patient's oxygen saturation drops at any point during rapid-sequence intubation, you should:
abort the intubation attempt and ventilate with a bag-mask device.
A foreign-body airway obstruction should be suspected in a child who presents with:
acute respiratory distress without fever
To speed up a reaction, you could do all except...
add products
It is especially important for the paramedic to administer naloxone (Narcan) with caution to patients who are:
addicted to narcotics.
The difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid is that a phospholipid...
adds a phosphate, removes a fatty acid
The side effects of adenosine are limited in most patients because:
adenosine has such a short half-life.
Before intubating a patient who has been chemically sedated and paralyzed, it is MOST important for the paramedic to:
adequately preoxygenate with 100% oxygen.
The paramedic should be MOST suspicious that a controlled substance has been tampered with if:
an appropriate dose of the drug seems ineffective, especially when patient tolerance is unlikely.
The history of present illness is MOST accurately described as:
an elaboration of the chief complaint
Swollen lymph nodes in the anterior neck usually indicate:
an infection.
Diazepam produces all of the following clinical effects, EXCEPT:
analgesia.
Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) causes bronchodilation by:
antagonizing muscarinic receptors
Atropine sulfate is classified as a __________________ medication.
anticholinergic
Clopidogrel (Plavix) is a:
antiplatelet aggregant.
Which describes a parasagittal plane?
any sagittal plane except the midline
Peroxisomes...
are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
Dextran is classified as a:
artificial colloid.
Approximately 10 seconds into an intubation attempt, you catch a glimpse of the patient's vocal cords, but quickly lose sight of them. You should:
ask your partner to apply backward, upward, rightward pressure to the thyro
Adrenergic Receptors
associated with sympathetic nerves and are stimulated by epi and nor epi. Activation causes a sympathetic response - vasoconstriction, or vasodialation
The decline in cardiac function associated with aging is largely related to:
atherosclerosis.
After opening an unresponsive patient's airway, you determine that his respirations are rapid, irregular, and shallow. You should:
begin positive-pressure ventilations.
In order to cause a negative inotropic effect on the heart, you would have to administer a:
beta-1 adrenergic antagonist.
In order to relieve the bronchospasm associated with an acute asthma attack, the paramedic would give a:
beta-2 agonist
Beta blockers should be used with extreme caution in patients with reactive airway because:
beta-2 receptors can potentially be antagonized, resulting in bronchospasm
Neuromuscular blocking agents achieve chemical paralysis by:
binding to nicotinic receptor sites on muscle cells and antagonizing acetylcholine
Which of the following is an example of a suspension?
blood
What happens in redox reactions?
both decomposition and electron exchange occur
A patient with a blood pressure of 210/100 mm Hg would be expected to have a pulse that is:
bounding
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?
brain
Positive feedback while trying to control a car that is already going too slow is when the....
brakes lock up
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that:
breaks down acetylcholine.
Intubation of the trauma patient is MOST effectively performed:
by two paramedics.
A disadvantage of ET intubation is that it:
bypasses the upper airway's physiologic functions of warming, filtering, and humidifying.
Verapamil hydrochloride (Isoptin, Calan) is classified as a:
calcium channel blocker
An ET tube that is too large for a patient:
can be difficult to insert and may cause trauma.
Catecholamines and sympathomimetic medications should be administered with caution because they:
can increase cardiac workload and myocardial oxygen demand
A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus. Thus, it...
cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months
Dextrose is classified as a:
carbohydrate.
The four elements that make up 96% of body matter are...
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Blood pressure is the product of:
cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.
You would NOT expect to encounter decreased breath sounds in a patient with:
cardiac tamponade.
Calcium chloride is NOT routinely given to patients with:
cardiopulmonary arrest
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
cardiovascular physiology
Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that....
cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a higher energy demand
The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a....
centriole
Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to...
changes in the environment
Stress proteins are a type of protein called...
chaperonins
Capnography can serve as an indicator of:
chest compression effectiveness.
You will MOST likely develop your field impression of a patient based on the:
chief complaint and patient history.
When your patient is a non-English-speaking person, his or her child is often able to function as an interpreter because:
children quickly absorb a new language in school.
The most electronegative element, fathest right in the periodic table, which because of its electronegativity, is quickest to form a negative ion is...
chlorine
Vitamins, sex hormones, and bile salts are modified from...
cholesterol
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is...
collagen
The protein that makes rope-like fibers stronger than steel, to prevent over-stretching of tissue is....
collagen
The single most abundant protein in the body is...
collagen
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess...
collagen fibers
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?
collagen fibers make connective tissue tear-resistant
Cytoplasm, because of its gooey properties, is a good example of a...
colloid
Naloxone (Narcan) reverses the central nervous system depressant effects of drugs such as morphine and fentanyl by:
competitively inhibiting opiate receptor sites
Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called...
compound alveolar
The amount of medication, expressed in milligrams, grams, or grains, that is present in an ampule or vial is called the:
concentration
A multi-systems trauma patient opens his eyes in response to pain, moans when you ask him his name, and withdraws from painful stimuli. From this information, you should:
conclude that he has severe neurologic dysfunction
Making your patient aware that you perceive something inconsistent with his or her behavior is called:
confrontation
If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the...
control center
A drug is assigned a pregnancy category "A" if:
controlled studies in women fail to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester, there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters, and the possibility of fetal harm appears remote.
Fibrinolytic agents dissolve blood clots by:
converting plasminogen to plasmin, which digests the fibrin strands of the clot.
A paramedic gives a woman with chronic pain an injection of sterile saline and tells her that it is a narcotic analgesic. The paramedic's action:
could result in criminal prosecution.
What is the regional term for the hip region?
coxal
Removal of a dental appliance after intubating a patient is:
dangerous and may cause dislodgement of the tube.
Which would not be a functional characteristic of life?
decay
After performing your primary assessment of a patient, your next action should be to:
decide what care is needed at the scene versus en route to the hospital
One would expect a man with pericarditis to have pain....
deep to his sternum
Clinical signs of an inflamed joint include all of the following, EXCEPT:
deformity
What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract absorptive cells?
dense microvilli
The physical, emotional, or behavioral need for a medication in order to maintain a certain level of "normal" function is called:
dependence
Glucagon would be ineffective in patients with:
depleted glycogen stores
After prolonged healing by fibrosis (scarring), one would expect the filled in tissue to look most like...
dermis of skin
Which type of cell junction distributes tension through a cellular sheet and reduces the chance of tearing when it is subjected to great mechanical stress?
desmosomes
Asking the patient about the date, time, location, and events surrounding the current situation will enable you to:
determine if the patient is alert to person, place, time, and event.
The valence shell of an atom...
determines how many bonds an atom can form
The pulse oximeter would be LEAST useful when:
determining if a patient should receive oxygen.
A key part of making your practice of prehospital care successful is for you to:
develop and cultivate your own style of assessment and an overall strategy for evaluating and providing care
An oblique cut is one that is cut...
diagonally between the vertical and horizontal planes
A working hypothesis of the nature of a patient's problem is called the:
differential diagnosis
A mitochondrial poison (cyanide, Zyklon-B) would be expected to kill a person by stopping all these processes that depend on mitochondria for their actions except...
diffusion of oxygen
Indications for magnesium sulfate include:
digitalis-induced dysrhythmias.
The ability of a medication to initiate or alter cell activity in a therapeutic or desired manner is referred to as:
efficacy
The shape of the external ear is maintained by...
elastic cartilage
Lipid-soluble medications require higher weight-based doses in elderly patients because:
elderly patients have a higher body fat percentage and fat distribution.
With regard to intubation difficulty, neck mobility problems are MOST commonly associated with:
elderly patients.
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in connective tissue.
embryonic
In contrast to a needle cricothyrotomy, an open cricothyrotomy:
enables the paramedic to provide greater tidal volume.
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as...
endocrine
Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their is intact and healthy.
endothelium
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
endothelium provides a slick surface lining in all hollow cardiovascular organs
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be...
enhancement of labor contractions
If your patient becomes seductive or makes sexual advances toward you, you should advise the patient that your relationship with him or her is strictly professional and then:
ensure that a witness is present at all times.
Proper documentation of your physical examination of a patient is MOST important because it:
ensures an accurate historical accounting of the patient's problems prior to entering the hospital.
Which statement about enzymes is false?
enymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form
An active site is the distinctive feature of a(n)...
enzyme
Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following?
enzymes involved with cell metabolism
Which of the following does not describe enymes?
enzymes work by raising the energy of activation
Working to ensure a patient's privacy, confidentiality, and comfort level will:
establish positive patient rapport and encourage honest, open communication.
The Babinski sign, grasping, and sucking are:
examples of primitive reflexes
The function of the lower airway is to:
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstrea would be best described as an example of...
excretion of metabolic waste
After correctly positioning the laryngoscope blade in the patient's mouth, you should:
exert gentle traction at a 45° angle to the floor as you lift the patient's jaw.
In contrast to a curved laryngoscope blade, a straight laryngoscope blade is designed to:
extend beneath the epiglottis and lift it up.
Peripheral Nerves
extend from brain and spinal cord, exiting from between the vertebrae to various parts of the body
Paying attention, making eye contact, and repeating key information from the patient's answers are examples of:
facilitation
Ribosomes, ER, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is...
false, integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way
From proximal to distal, flow down arteries named for body areas would go from the....
femoral artery to the popliteal artery to the pedal artery
Teething is commonly accompanied by:
fever.
Connective tissue matrix is composed of...
fibers and ground substance
How is hyaline cartilage different form elastic or fibrocartilage?
fibers are not normally visible
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
fibrocartilaginous tissue
When auscultating heart sounds, you should place your stethoscope at the:
fifth intercostal space, over the apex of the heart.
Normally, an adult at rest should have respirations that:
follow a regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation
A conscious patient's respiratory rate should be measured:
for a minimum of 30 seconds
Hydrostatic pressure:
forces various body fluids against semipermeable membranes, causing the passage of certain substances into an adjacent compartment
Which of the following is NOT a funciton of lysosomes?
forming acid hydrolases which are necessary to help form cell membranes
A conscious patient's respiratory rate should be measured:
fr a minimum of 30 seconds
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
Significant cardiovascular disease, diabetes, impaired immunity, and renal failure are more often associated with:
greater severity or frequency of adverse effects of a medication
The study of the structure of the heart is called anatomy.
gross
Which are subdivisions of anatomy?
gross, regional, systemic, and surface
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
Compared to a pH of 4, a pH of 6....
has 100 times fewer hydrogen atoms
Epithelial tissue...
has a basement membrane
The flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device:
has a demand valve that is triggered by the negative pressure generated during inhalation.
A responsive patient who is talking or crying:
has a patent airway
Compared to succinylcholine, rocuronium:
has a rapid onset of action, a longer (up to 60 minutes) duration of action, and fewer adverse effects.
A patient with orthopnea:
has dyspnea while lying flat.
The paramedic should be especially diligent when confirming tube placement following blind nasotracheal intubation because:
he or she did not visualize the tube passing between the vocal cords.
When a patient is given a paralytic without sedation:
he or she is fully aware and can hear and feel.
You would MOST likely encounter bilateral dependent edema in a patient with:
heart failure.
Endothelial Cells
help regulate the flow of blood through the vessel and play role in coagulation.
The blast cell for blood production is the....
hemocytoblast
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
high heat of vaporization
Hypertonic Solution
higher solute concentration, higher osmotic pressure
Hypotonic Solution
higher solute concentration, higher osmotic pressure
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
The central principle of all physiology is...
homeostasis
The body's reaction to increased internal or external temperature would MOST likely cause the skin to become:
hot and moist
The type of bond that can cause a long molecule to assume a certain shape by attractions with other parts of itself is typically a(n) bond.
hydrogen
Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three-dimensional shape?
hydrogen
Another name for the middle of a cell's plasma membrane being water-repellent is , mainly because of a double layer of molecules, whcih have tailed of .
hydrophobic, phospholipids, fatty acids
Atropine should NOT be given to patients with:
hypothermic bradycardia.
Epinephrine is not indicated for?
hypothermic cardiac arrest
Indications for epinephrine include all of the following, EXCEPT:
hypothermic cardiac arrest.
The condition in which the body's tissues and cells do not receive enough oxygen is called:
hypoxia
Haloperidol (Haldol) should NOT be given to patients with:
hypoxia-induced agitation
An abnormal susceptibility to a medication that is peculiar to an individual patient is called an:
idiosyncratic reaction.
The first step in tissue repair involves...
inflammation
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
inflammation causes capillaries to dialte and become permeable
After inserting the ET tube between the vocal cords, you should remove the stylet from the tube and then
inflate the distal cuff with 5 to 10 mL of air.
When a patient's respirations are too rapid and too shallow:
inhaled air may only reach the anatomic dead space before being exhaled.
Ipratropium (Atrovent) dilates the bronchioles by:
inhibiting the interaction of acetylcholine at bronchial smooth muscle receptors.
Which of the following is not a role of cell adhesion molecules?
initiators of cell-to-cell signaling for muscle contraction
White fat in the hell pad mainly prevents the foot from....
injuring skin or bone
By classification, digoxin is a:
inotropic agent.
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without....
intercalated discs
Atrophy
is a decrease in the cell size due to a loss of subcellular components which leads to a decrease in the size of the tissue or organ
A patient with a suppressed cough mechanism:
is at serious risk for aspiration
A patient with respiratory splinting:
is breathing shallowly to alleviate chest pain.
Mitosis...
is division of the nucleus
Unlike cartilage, bone...
is highly vascular
Nitroglycerin is indicated for patients with __________ chest pain.
ischemic
Which of the following statements is false?
larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and forcefully
Racemic epinephrine is commonly administered to patients with:
laryngeal edema.
The ______________ is the lowest portion of the pharynx and opens into the larynx anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly
laryngopharynx
Decreased ventilation compliance following intubation is LEAST suggestive of:
left bronchus intubation.
In which part of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?
left upper quadrant
The onset of action of etomidate (Amidate) is:
less than 1 minute.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium...
lines most of the respiratory tract
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane....
lining the thoracic cavity
The main types of molecules used for energy storage = , energy transportation to cells = , and energy transfer in the cell's internal chemical reactions = .
lipid, carbohydrate, ATP
All of these biologic molecules would dissolve in water because they are polar except...
lipids
Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis
The King LT airway can be used to:
maintain a patent airway in spontaneously breathing patients.
When two paramedics are ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, the paramedic not squeezing the bag should:
maintain an adequate mask-to-face seal.
Glucagon may be indicated for all of the following conditions, EXCEPT:
major burns
Succinylcholine (Anectine) is contraindicated for patients with:
major burns
Oxygen that is dissolved in the blood plasma:
makes up the partial pressure of oxygen.
You respond to a residence for a possible overdose. The patient, a young man, is unresponsive with slow, snoring respirations. There are obvious needle track marks on his arms. Your FIRST action should be to:
manually open his airway.
Transdermal medication patches:
may alter a patient's clinical presentation or interfere with medications administered by the paramedic.
Hyperventilating an apneic patient:
may decrease venous return to the heart.
A patient who gives the emergency department physician completely different information than he or she gave to you in the field:
may have an organic condition, such as a brain tumor
Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?
molecular chaperones
Which of the following is a function of a plasms membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
Ligands
molecules that bind to receptors in the body to form more complex structures. Common ligands include hormones, electrolytes and neurotransmitters.
Diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane would predict that...
molecules that can cross, will cross in both directions at the same time
During tracheobronchial suctioning, it is MOST important to:
monitor the patient's cardiac rhythm and oxygen saturation.
What moves cell organelles form one location to another inside a cell?
motor proteins
Which of these is not considered connective tissue?
muscle
Which is true concerning feedback mechanisms?
negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body
What are glycosaminoglycans?
negatively charged polysaccharides
Which system responds fastest to environmental stimuli?
nervous
Prior to administering vecuronium bromide (Norcuron), or any other neuromuscular blocker, it is important for the paramedic to remember that:
neuromuscular blockers have no effect on a patient's level of consciousness.
A good buffer would...
neutralize excess acid or base when they are added
A radioactive substance generally has too many , making it unstable.
neutrons
Rocuronium bromide (Zemuron) is classified as a:
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker.
Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol) is a:
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory.
Apoptosis
normal cell death
The paramedic must use caution when referencing a medication in an American Medical Association (AMA) publication because:
not every medication listed in the compendium has received FDA approval.
During forceful inhalation, the vocal cords:
open widely to provide minimum resistance to air flow.
Fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze) is a:
opioid analgesic.
The cavities housing the eyes are called cavities.
orbital
A structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n)...
organ
mitochondria
organelles that function to extract energy from food and transform this energy into a chemical form we can use, called ATP, "cellular power house"
The functions of centrioles include...
organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
Which of the following organs is not contained within the abdominal cavity?
ovary
The MOST obvious risk associated with extubation is:
overestimating the patient's ability to protect his or her own airway.
Changes in the rate and depth of breathing are regulated primarily by the:
pH of the CSF.
The anatomic position is characterized by all of the following except...
palms turned posteriorly
To obtain a heart rate in infants younger than 1 year of age, you should:
palpate the brachial artery.
In doses less than 0.1 mg, atropine may cause:
paradoxical bradycardia.
When assessing a trauma patient's chest, you should remember that:
paradoxical movement may not be grossly apparent due to the splinting effect of chest muscle spasms.
A 36-year-old man experienced significant burns to his face, head, and chest following an incident with a barbeque pit. Your assessment of his airway reveals severe swelling. After administering medications to sedate and paralyze the patient, you are unable to intubate him. Furthermore, bag-mask ventilations are producing minimal chest rise. The quickest way to secure a patent airway in this patient is to:
perform a needle cricothyrotomy.
Several cycles of basic life support maneuvers have failed to relieve a severe airway obstruction in an unresponsive 44-year-old woman. You should:
perform direct laryngoscopy and attempt to remove the obstruction with Magill forceps.
The heart lies in the cavity.
pericardial
The process that the cells of large medication molecules use to ingest intracellular fluids and their contents is called:
pinocytosis
When preoxygenating an uninjured child prior to ET intubation, you should:
place the child's head in the sniffing position, insert an oral airway if needed, and ventilate with a bag-mask for at least 2 minutes.
The MOST effective way to obtain a medical history from a patient who is crying is to:
place your hand on his or her shoulder (if appropriate for the patient) and reassure him or her that you are in control of the situation.
If you suspect that an unconscious patient has experienced a spinal injury, you should open his or her airway by:
placing your fingers behind the angle of the jaw and lifting the jaw forward.
Which of the following spaces does the heart not belong to?
pleural
In which body cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
When dealing with a patient who has multiple symptoms, the MOST effective way to develop an appropriate care plan is to:
prioritize the patient's complaints.
Under normal conditions, the renin-angiotensin system functions by:
promoting vasoconstriction and fluid retention in response to hypotension or hypoperfusion.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endorplasmic reticulum?
protein synthesis in conjuction with ribosomes
The molecules that have the most variation in structure and function are...
proteins
Serial vital signs:
provide comparative data regarding the patient's condition.
In addition to rapidly increasing serum glucose levels, dextrose:
provides a short-term diuretic effect.
You should insert the ET tube between the vocal cords until the:
proximal end of the cuff is 1 to 2 cm past the vocal cords.
Lower extremity shortening and/or internal or external rotation are findings often associated with:
proximal lower extremity injury
The knee is....
proximal to the foot
epithelium appears to have 2 or 3 cell layers, all in contact with the basement membrane.
pseudostratified columnar
Physiologic dead space increases with:
pulmonary obstructions.
Which process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The rectal route is preferred over the oral route for certain emergency medications because:
rectal medications are usually not subject to first-pass metabolism
In critical care settings, mannitol is used to:
reduce cerebral edema.
The use of phenylephrine hydrochloride (Neo-Synephrine) during nasotracheal intubation will:
reduce the likelihood and severity of nasal bleeding
Vascular compensation for changes in blood pressure decreases with age due to:
reduced elasticity of the peripheral vessels secondary to decreases in elastin and collagen.
Hypotension may occur following initiation of a dobutamine infusion because it:
reduces cardiac afterload
Metaplasia
refers to the reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another. EX ciliated epithelium of the airway is replaced by metaplastic epithelium in smokers.
Anxious avoidant attachment is observed in infants who are repeatedly:
rejected
The desired clinical effect after administering a beta-2 agonist medication is:
relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle.
When asking a patient if he or she uses illegal drugs, you will MOST likely get accurate information if you:
remain professional and nonjudgmental.
Fresh frozen plasma is used to:
replace critical clotting factors
What level of protein synthesis is the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?
secondary structure
In conventional reasoning, school-age children:
seek approval from their peers and society.
The antihypertensive properties of labetalol (Normodyne) are due to its:
selective alpha and nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking effects.
One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability. This refers to....
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
The optic nerve is a _______ nerve, and controls _______.
sensory, light perception and vision
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the...
sequence of the nucleotides
Adhesions of abdominopelvic organs occur when are damaged.
serous membranes
Which of the following physical changes occurs in adults over 25 years of age?
settling of the discs in the spine
Contraindications for nitroglycerin include:
severe bradycardia or tachycardia
Certain antibiotics and antiseizure medications are known to cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome, which is a:
severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
simple columnar
If a new gland was discovered that controlled appetite by secreting a hunger hormone into the bloodstream, it would most likely have...
simple cuboidal epithelium
Which is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?
simple squamous
The best type of epithelium for allowing molecules to wander across from one side to the other is...
simple squamous epithelium
The ________ are formed by the cranial bones and prevent contaminants from entering the respiratory tract.
sinuses
When intubating a 3-year-old child, you would MOST likely use a:
size 2 straight blade.
A cytologist would typically look at:
smears of cells on a slide
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in the...
smooth ER
The 4 major elements in the body include all except...
sodium
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
sodium
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.
stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface is classified as...
stratified squamous
Besides blood clotting, another example of positive feedback would be....
stronger and stronger contractions once labor pains start
Hormones
substances formed in tiny amounts my one specialized organ or group of cells that are then carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organ to perform regulatory functions.
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents include all of the following, EXCEPT:
succinylcholine chloride.
Pralidoxime (2-PAM) should NOT be used concurrently with:
succinylcholine.
Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells. This tissue would most likely have come from the...
superficial fascia between skin and muscle
The fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) increases with:
supplemental oxygen
Stimulation of alpha-2 receptors:
suppresses the release of norepinephrine.
After you have intubated an apneic patient with chest trauma, your partner is auscultating breath sounds and tells you that breath sounds are faint on the right side of the chest. You should:
suspect that the patient has a pneumothorax on the right side of the chest.
Cilia, flagella, and microvillia respectively...
sweep fluids, move the cell, absorb nutrients
A red blood cell placed in pure water would...
swell and burst
Levalbuterol (Xopenex) is classified as a:
sympathomimetic bronchodilator
Levalbuterol (Xopenex) is classified as a:
sympathomimetic bronchodilator.
Albuterol is a:
sympathomimetic drug.
A patient experiences profound sedation when an opioid, such as fentanyl, is given together with a benzodiazepine, such as midazolam. This is an example of:
synergism
cavities are spaces within joints.
synovial
Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) reaction.
synthesis
The type of chemical reaction that releases water is a reaction.
synthesis
What is the order from most complex to simplest?
system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is...
tRNA
First-pass metabolism of a medication occurs when:
the bioavailability of a medication is reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what would happen?
the cells will lose water and shrink
When performing an open cricothyrotomy, you will MOST likely avoid damage to the jugular veins if:
the cricothyroid membrane is incised vertically.
When administering naloxone to a patient who overdosed on an opioid, it is important for the paramedic to remember that:
the duration of action of naloxone in the body is less than that of many opioid chemicals.
hepatic metabolism is generally impaired in:
the elderly, due to decreased blood flow to the liver and a decline in liver and kidney function
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with...
the release of energy
Which of the following is false regarding the membrane potential?
the resting membrane potential is maintained by active transport processes
Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands.
the secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing
When intubating a 3-year-old child, you should insert the ET tube until:
the vocal cord mark is 2 to 3 cm beyond the vocal cords.
Common components of a medication profile include all of the following, EXCEPT:
the weight of the drug
What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?
there are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms
What does CH4 mean?
there is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
they appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information
Patients with laryngectomies MOST commonly develop mucous plugs in their stoma because:
they do not possess an efficient cough.
Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?
thoracic cavity
Pollex refers to the...
thumb
Anatomically, the ________ is directly anterior to the glottic opening.
thyroid cartilage
Which of the following is not considered a factor of influencing a reaction rate?
time
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n)...
tissue
Histology would be best defined as a study of...
tissues
A surgical opening into the trachea is called a
tracheostomy
An organ that must undergo large changes in size would most likely be lined by...
transitional epithelium
In order to show both nipples and the spine in one picture, a CAT scan slices a person in the plane.
transverse
If the ET tube is placed in the trachea properly, the colorimetric paper inside the ETCO2 detector should
turn yellow during exhalation.
The single most abundant chemical substance of the body by weight, accouting for 60% to 80%, is....
water
Digital intubation should be performed only on a patient who has a bite block inserted in his or her mouth and who is_______ and _______.
unconscious, apneic
Vascular compromise in a lower extremity is characterized by:
unilateral pulse deficit and pallor.
The MOST significant complication associated with the use of multilumen airways is:
unrecognized displacement of the tube into the esophagus.
A patient who does not respond to verbal or tactile stimuli is:
unresponsive
RESULTS FROM SPINAL CORD INJURY, THE EFFECT IS LOSS OF NORMAL SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TONE AND VASODILATION.
...
Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
...
SEPTIC
...
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
...
Which of the following is an example of a leading question?
"Do you think that you are experiencing a cardiac emergency?"
Which of the following questions will yield the LEAST reliable information when assessing a patient with abdominal pain?
"Does the pain radiate to your chest or back?"
Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue.
"blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
...
Sodium
-Na
Which of the following represents the correct adult dose for etomidate (Amidate)?
. 0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg
The onset of action of rocuronium bromide (Zemuron) is:
. 1 to 2 minutes.
Golgi Complex
. located near nucleus ..
-
...
-Decreased production of plasma proteins such as occurs in starvation and liver disease
...
-Environmental Heat Stress
...
-Increased level of adrenocortical hormones
...
-Increased loss of plama proteins attributable to protein losing kidney diseases, extensive burns
...
-Increased vascular volume
...
-Normal Levels 136-145 mEq/L
...
-Pregnancy
...
-Premenstrual sodium retention
...
-Venous obstruction(hepatic obstruction, HF, thrombophlebitis)
...
-arteriolar dilation(allergic reaction,inflammation)
...
1,600 µg/mL
...
1.5-2.0 mEq/L
...
10 to 15 mL/kg.
...
16,000
...
18 months
...
180, 60
...
2.3- 4.7 mg/dL
...
3 to 4 years
...
3.5-5.2 mEq/L
...
70 to 95 mm Hg
...
8.5 0 10.5 mg/L
...
A 60-year-old woman with acute chest discomfort requires 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin. Prior to administering the medication, you should:
...
A DECREASE IN EXTRACELLULAR H+ IONS
...
ACID
...
ACIDOSIS
...
AKA vasopressin cause it causes arterioles to constrict, elevating BP
...
ALCOHOLIC KETOACIDOSIS
...
ALKALOSIS
...
ALWAYS CAUSED BY HYPERVENTILATION
...
ALWAYS RELATED TO HYPOVENTILATION
...
ANAPHYLACTIC
...
ANY ACIDOSIS THAT IS NOT LOCATED IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT.
...
ANY MOLECULE THAT CAN ACCEPT A HYDROGEN ION (OH-)
...
ANY MOLECULE THAT CAN GIVE UP AN H+ MOLECULE.
...
ARE MOLECULES OR COMPOUNDS THAT MODULATE CHANGES IN PH BY NEURALIZING EXCESSIVE ACIDS OR BASES
...
According to the terminal drop hypothesis:
...
Aging kidneys respond less efficiently to hemodynamic stress.
...
All of the following physical changes occur in school-age children, EXCEPT:
...
An infant's fontanelles are typically fused together by the age of:
...
An unconscious 4-year-old child with a blood glucose reading of 30 mg/dL requires 2 mL/kg of D50. The child's estimated weight is 35 lb. You have a prefilled syringe of D50 at a concentration of 25 g/50 mL. How many grams of dextrose will you administer to the child?
...
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
...
As smooth muscles of the lower airway weaken with age:
...
At 2 months of age, an infant should be able to:
...
At birth, a pulse rate of up to _______ beats/min and a respiratory rate of up to _______ breaths/min are considered normal.
...
BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
...
BICARBONATE- HCO3
...
BUFFERS
...
Barotrauma secondary to bag-mask ventilations in an infant means that your ventilations:
...
Boys generally experience this stage of growth later in life than girls do.
...
By the age of 1 year, an infant's tidal volume ranges from:
...
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
...
CARDIOMYOPOTHY
...
CAUSED BY ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION DUE TO HYPOPERFUSION OF TISSUES AND ORGANS AS SEEN IN SHOCK AND CARDIAC ARREST.
...
CAUSES - AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, CARDIAC ARREST, OD, NEAR DROWNING, RESPIRATORY ARREST, PULMONARY EDEMA, CLOSED HEAD INJURY, CHEST TRAUMA, CO POISONING
...
CAUSES - ASPIRIN OD, FEVER, OVER BAGGING.
...
CENTRAL SHOCK
...
CRITICAL: <2.5 mEq/L or >7 mEq/L
...
Calcium
...
Caused by increased intake of potassium or decreased excretion due to renal failure or drugs that inhibit excretion
...
Causes of Decreased Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
...
Cerebral metabolism and oxygen consumption remain constant throughout life.
...
Constipation, polyuria, stupor, coma, and renal failure.
...
Cuffed ET tubes are generally not used in the field until the child is 8 to 10 years old because:
...
DEVELOPS WHEN CELLS ARE FORCED TO SWITCH TO BEGIN METABOLIZING FATTY ACIDS FOR ENERGY ECAUSE THEY ARE UNABLE TO USE GLUCOSE DUE TO INSULIN DEFICIENCY OR DESENSITIZATION OF THE CELLS TO INSULIN.
...
DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK
...
Decreased potassium intake, K shifts into cells related to insulin, alkalosis or beta adrenergic stimulation. Renal K losses such as frequent diuretic use. Extra Renal losses such as vomiting and liquid poop.
...
ENDOGENOUS- INTERNAL BLEEDING
...
EPINEPHERINE
...
EXCESS ACID COMBINES WITH BICARB TO FORM CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3) THIS COMPOUND RAPIDLY DISSOCIATES INTO WATER AND CO2 WHICH IS THEN EXPELLED OUT OF THE LUNGS.
...
EXOGENOUS- BLEEDING FROM WOUND, DIARRHEA OR VOMITING
...
FILTERS OUT EXCESS ACID IN AN IONIC FORM (HCO3-) IN THE URINE
...
FORM OF CO2 STORED IN THE INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID. MOST IMPORTANT BUFFER IN THE BODY.
...
Fixation on public image and fear of embarassment
...
For the first year of life, an infant has naturally acquired passive immunities because:
...
Function: Increases water reabsorption in kidneys
...
HYPOPERFUSION
...
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
...
Heart rate of 80 beats/min
...
Hemophelia
...
Hypercalcemia
...
Hypernatremia
...
Hypocalcemia
...
Hypokalemia
...
Hyponatremia
...
Hypotonic fluid deficit, sodium loss without reciprocating water loss
...
IN RESPONSE, THE BODY RELEASES:
...
INCREASE IN THE EXTRACELLULAR H+ IONS.
...
IS A CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM ABNORMALITY CHARACTERIZED BY THE PROLONGATION OF THE QT INTERVAL ON THE ECG
...
IS A GENERAL TERM FOR DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUM THAT ULTIMATELY PROGRESS TO HEART FAILURE.
...
Immediately after administering intramuscular epinephrine to a patient with an allergic reaction, you should:
...
In general, normal psychosocial factors that affect the life of a 35-year-old person include all of the following, EXCEPT:
...
In what age range can most children begin to use and understand full sentences?
...
Infants are referred to as belly breathers because:
...
KETOACIDOSIS
...
LACTIC ACIDOSIS
...
Living conditions
...
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
...
METHANOL AND ETHYLENE GLYCOL CAN PRODUCE FATAL FORMS OF ACIDOSIS
...
Magnesium
...
Middle adults view crisis as a challenge to be overcome rather than a threat to be avoided.
...
Muscle cramps and tetany, laryngospasm with stridor, seizure, parasthesia of the lips and extrematies. Prolonged QT and other dysrythmias.
...
Muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, tetany, Broad T waves, prominent U waves, PVC and TDP
...
NEUROGENIC
...
NEUROGENIC SHOCK
...
NOREPINEPHERINE
...
OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK
...
OCCURS WHEN THE LEVEL OF TISSUE PERFUSION DECREASES BELOW NORMAL.
...
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS A WIDESPREAD DILATION OF THE RESISTANCE VESSELS(ARTERIOLES) THE CAPACITANCE VESSELS(VENULES) OR BOTH THE CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME THEN POOLS IN THE EXPANDED VASCULAR BEDS, AND TISSUE PERFUSION DECREASES.
...
PERFUSION
...
PERIPHERAL SHOCK
...
SYMPTOMS - AMS, LIGHT HEADEDNESS, CARPOPEDAL SPASM, TINGLING OF FACE AND LIPS, CHEST TIGHTNESS, CONFUSION, VERTIGO, BLURRED VISION. HYPOCALCEMIA, N/V
...
SYMPTOMS - SYSTEMIC OR CEREBRAL VASODIALATION, HEADACHES, RED/FLUSHED SKIN, CNS DEPRESSION, BRADYPNEA, N/V, HYPER CA
...
SYMPTOMS - VASODIALATION, CNS DEPRESSION, HEADACHE, FLUSHED SKIN, HYPERCALCEMIA, TACHYPNEA N/V, CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIA
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Serum Sodium Level of less than 135 mEq/L
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Serum level defined as more than 145 mEq/L
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Source: Hypothalamus via Posterior Pituitary
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Streptokinase (Streptase) can stop an evolving acute myocardial infarction by:
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THE CIRCULATING CLOOD VOLUME IS INSUFFICIENT TO DELIVER ADEQUATE OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO THE BODY.
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THE DELIVERY OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS AND REMOVAL OF WASTES FROM THE CELLS, ORGANS AND TISSUES BY THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
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The IV tubing was occluded proximal to the injection port.
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The _______ reflex happens when an infant is startled and opens his or her arms wide.
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The circadian rhythm refers to a person's:
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Tonicity
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Upper respiratory tract infections are more common in toddlers than in infants because:
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WHICH PRODUCE VASOCONSTRICTION AND CONSEQUENTLY INCREASE SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE.
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What is the systolic blood pressure range for a child between the ages of 1 month and 1 year?
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Which of the following factors typically does NOT affect the vital signs of a 65-year-old patient?
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Which of the following psychosocial changes is common during adolescence?
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Which of the following statements regarding growth spurts in adolescents is correct?
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Which of the following statements regarding middle adults is correct?
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Which of the following statements regarding nervous system function in the older adult is correct?
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Which of the following statements regarding renal function in older adults is correct?
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Which of the following vital signs is NOT consistent with that of a child between 1 and 3 years of age?
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While consulting with the attending physician at the receiving facility about a patient with symptomatic bradycardia, the physician orders you to administer 0.5 mg/kg of atropine to the patient. After recognizing that this is an inappropriate dose of atropine, you should:
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X-Linked Disorder
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You are preparing to administer a dopamine infusion to a severely hypotensive patient. What is the concentration on hand if you add 800 mg of dopamine to a 500-mL bag of normal saline?
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You are treating an unconscious 39-year-old man who overdosed on heroin. You are unable to establish an IV line because his veins are severely sclerosed, and your protocols do not allow for IO cannulation. You should:
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You reassess your patient after administering a medication via the IV bolus route and note that his clinical condition is unchanged. What is the LEAST likely cause of the patient's unchanged condition?
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acute immunosupression
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administer naloxone via the mucosal atomizer device.
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anxiety.
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ask her if she wears a transdermal nitroglycerin patch.
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ask the physician to repeat the order
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caused by decreased intake or absorption, increased loss as in alcoholism or diuretic therapy, endocrine disease such as hypoparatyroidism, and sepsis.
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caused by hypertonic fluid deficit, excess water loss without reciprocating sodium loss
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characterized by increased destruction of red blood cells.
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defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When a person with hemophelia is injured, bleeding is prolonged because a firm clot is slow to form.
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dispose of the needle and syringe in a sharps container.
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he or she maintains some of the mother's immunities.
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hemochromatosis
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is an inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs
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long QT syndrome
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males are most often affected
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mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death.
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moro
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muscle weakness, peaked T waves, Wide QRS, VTACH
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of a loss of passive immunity.
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phosphate
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prioritize the patient's complaints.
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renin (activated by low kidney perfusion) -> activates angiotensinogen -> activates angiotensin 1 -> goes to lungs and is converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE -> potent vasoconstrictor, blood pressure rises -> angiotensin goes to adrenal glands -> secretes aldosterone -> aldosterone retains sodium -> causes sodium reabsorption -> release of ADH -> water retention
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sleep pattern.
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strong inhalation can collapse the walls of the airway, resulting in inspiratory wheezing.
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tension exerted on a cell as a result of water movement across the cell membrane
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their vital signs become the same as adults'.
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they rely mostly on their diaphragm to breathe.
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track objects with his or her eyes.
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were to forceful.
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Rough Er
... involed in building proteins. ribosomes present.
smooth ER
... not studded with ribosomes but contains enzymes, and it synthesizes phospholipids, fats, steroids, and may help release glucose into the bloodstream or inactivate or detoxify drugs and other harmful substances, and may trigger the contraction process in the muscles
What phases of the cardiac cellular action potential comprise the absolute refractory period?
0 through 3
Atropine is supplied in 10-mL prefilled syringes that contain 1 mg. What is the concentration per milliliter?
0.1 mg/mL
Which of the following represents the correct adult dose for etomidate (Amidate)?
0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg
By definition, infancy begins at:
1 month of age.
The initial adult dose of pralidoxime (2-PAM) for organophosphate poisoning is:
1 to 2 g as an IV infusion over 30 to 60 minutes.
When given during cardiac arrest due to torsade de pointes, the dose for magnesium sulfate is:
1 to 2 g of a 10% solution over 5 to 20 minutes.
When assessing a hemodynamically stable child, the toe-to-head approach is generally indicated for children who are:
1 to 3 years of age.
To prepare an epinephrine infusion, the paramedic should add ___ mg of a _________ solution to 250 mL of normal saline.
1, 1:1,000
The correct dose of IV dextrose for an adult is:
12.5 to 25 g of a 50% solution.
An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of electrons.
13
An appropriate dose of activated charcoal for a patient who weighs 160 pounds is:
145 g.
Prior to cardioverting a patient, the paramedic can give up to ____ mg of diazepam.
15
If an initial dose of amiodarone is not effective in terminating ventricular tachycardia in a patient with a pulse, the paramedic should give:
150 mg over 10 minutes.
Vasopressin is supplied in 1-mL vials that contain 20 units. How many vials should you give to achieve the initial adult dose?
2
Repolarization and myocardial contraction are occurring through phases:
2 and 3
The maximum single dose that is recommended for naloxone (Narcan) is:
2 mg
The typical adult dose for midazolam (Versed) is:
2 to 2.5 mg
Typically, ETCO2 is approximately:
2 to 5 mm Hg lower than the arterial PaCO2.
When scoring a patient's deep tendon reflexes, normally active reflexes would be assigned a score of:
2+.
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules, 2. atoms, 3. tissues, 4. cells, 5. organs
2, 1, 4, 3, 5
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
2, 8, 1
A length-based resuscitation tape measure can be used to determine the most appropriate size of bag-mask device for pediatric patients who weigh up to:
34 kg
The normal alveolar volume in a healthy adult is:
350 mL.
Average body temperature is centigrade.
37
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats?
3:1
The standard adult dose for ondansetron (Zofran) is:
4 mg
The correct second dose of adenosine for a 50-pound child is:
4.6 mg.
The initial dose of furosemide (Lasix) for a 175-pound man is:
40 to 80 mg
The initial dose of furosemide (Lasix) for a 175-pound man is:
40 to 80 mg.
After administering rocuronium bromide (Zemuron), you can expect its effects to last for at least:
45 minutes.
Plasma
55% of blood. composed of 91% water, 9% plasma proteins including albumin
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) recommended temperature range for MOST medications in the prehospital setting is:
55°F to 86°F
The ideal body weight for a woman who is 5 ft 5 in tall is:
57 kg
Approximately ___% of an adult male's weight is constituted by water.
60
The pulse rate of a 16-year-old adolescent typically ranges between:
60 and 100 beats/min.
A patient takes 500 mg of a medication that has a half-life of 2 hours. How much medication will be in the patient's body after 6 hours?
62.5 mg
What is the initial loading dose of amiodarone for a 28-pound child?
65 mg
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?
7
If atom X has an atomic number of 74, it would have which of the following?
74 protons
IM medications have a bioavailability of:
75%-100%
Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist. Naloxone competes with opioid chemicals at opioid receptor sites, causing:
A complete or partial reversal of the clinical effects of opioids.
Which of the following is the MOST practical method of assessing for gross neurologic deficits during your assessment of a patient?
Ask the patient if he or she can feel and move his or her fingers and toes.
major culprits in immune-mediated medication responses are:
Aspirin and antibiotics. Most commonly penicillin and sulfa based antibiotics
A disease that occurs when both parents carry and pass on the affected gene.
Autosomal recessive
Which of the following clinical findings would be of LEAST significance in a patient experiencing respiratory distress?
BP of 148/94 mm Hg
Which of the following statements regarding pediatric ET intubation in the prehospital setting is correct?
Bag-mask ventilation can be as effective as intubation for EMS systems that have short transport times.
Patients with hepatic liver dysfunction are at risk of toxicity of certain medications when given orally, even at conventional doses:
Because first-pass effect is impaired and a greater quantity of medication reaches the systemic circulation
Which of the following medications antagonizes albuterol?
Beta-blockers
What is the mechanism of action of amiodarone?
Blocks sodium channels and myocardial potassium channels
Which of the following signs or symptoms is associated with digitalis toxicity?
Blurred yellow or green vision
What class of medication is typically used to control the heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter?
Calcium channel blocker
Which of the following classifications of medication may potentiate atenolol?
Calcium channel blocker
Which of the following medications can be given before diltiazem to a patient with borderline hypotension?
Calcium chloride
tends to force fluids thru the capillary walls/is greater at the arterial end of the bed than at the venule end and pushes water out of of the capillary and into the interstitial space
Capillary Coloidal Osmotic Pressure
occurs when excess fluid builds up in the interstitial space.
Causes of Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following FDA pregnancy categories is a drug assigned if there is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits for pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk, as in life-threatening diseases for which safer drugs cannot be used?
D
Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
DNA is a long, double stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases
What type of medication is used to decrease gastric acid secretion?
Histamine-2 receptor antagonist
Which of the following factors would likely NOT skew a pulse oximetry reading?
Hypertension
LEUKOCYTOSIS
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN THE BLOOD DUE TO INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.
INCIDENCE
IS THE NUMBER OF NEW CASES OF A DISEASE IN A POPULATION
Which of the following statements regarding orotracheal intubation is correct?
Orotracheal intubation is the most common method of performing ET intubation.
Which of the following statements regarding oxygen is correct?
Oxygen supports the process of combustion.
REFERS TO THE NUMBER OF CASES OF A DISEASE OR CONDITION IN A PARTICULAR POPULATION WITHIN A PARTICULAR PERIOD
PREVALENCE
Chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic arch sense minute changes in the ______ and send signals to the respiratory centers via the _______________ nerves.
PaCO2, glossopharyngeal and vagus
What term is used to describe a situation in which a patient experiences clinical effects from a medication that are opposite from the intended effects?
Paradoxical reaction
In which of the following situations would the paramedic MOST likely administer a drug via the rectal route?
Seizure termination
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal - striated, voluntary
Which of the following actions would you likely NOT perform at the scene of a fall before engaging in the care of a conscious patient?
Speaking with immediate family
A gene can best be defined as...
a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
Indications for CPAP include:
acute pulmonary edema.
The peak of a medication's effect depends on _____________, whereas the duration of effect depends on ______________.
absorption, metabolism
Massive doses of atropine may be required when:
acetylcholine increases dramatically due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
The vagus nerve releases _________________, which acts on _________________ receptors.
acetylcholine, muscarinic-2
Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins?
act as a platform for assembling primary protein structure
At 5 to 10 μg/kg/min, dopamine:
activates beta-1 receptor sites, causing an increased heart rate and increased cardiac contractility.
Phenothiazine medications exert their antiemetic properties by:
activating dopaminergic receptors in the brain and releasing hormones that depress the reticular activating system
If the inside of a cell membrane had too much sodium, and the outside had too much water...
active trasnport would push sodium out and Osmosis would push water in
Diazepam may be indicated for patients with:
acute alcohol withdrawal.
All of the following conditions will cause an increase in the circulating levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, EXCEPT:
acute hyperventilation.
A construction worker fell approximately 15 ft and landed on his head. He is semiconscious. His respiratory rate is 14 breaths/min with adequate depth. Further assessment reveals blood draining from his nose. You should:
administer oxygen via nonrebreathing mask and continue your assessment.
An undesirable clinical change caused by a medication that causes some degree of harm or discomfort to the patient is called a:
adverse effect
The rapid exam of a patient is usually performed:
after all life-threatening conditions have been identified and addressed in the primary assessment.
Gathering a patient's medical history and performing a secondary assessment should occur:
after life threats have been identified and corrected in the primary assessment
Older adults are prone to subdural hematomas because:
age-related shrinkage of the brain stretches the bridging veins that return blood from the brain to the dura mater.
When ventilating a patient with a bag-mask device, you note increased compliance. This means that:
air can be forced into the lungs with relative ease.
In contrast to negative-pressure ventilation, positive-pressure ventilation occurs when:
air is forced into the lungs.
Epinephrine is deactivated by:
alkaline solutions.
A __________________ agent is used to increase the pH of the serum or urine?
alkalinizing
Promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan) can be classified as all of the following, EXCEPT as a:
alpha agonist
Promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan) can be classified as all of the following, EXCEPT as a:
alpha agonist.
A young woman experienced massive facial trauma after being ejected from her car when it struck a tree. She is semiconscious, has blood draining from her mouth, and has poor respiratory effort. The MOST appropriate initial airway management for this patient involves:
alternating suctioning her oropharynx for 15 seconds and assisting her ventilations for 2 minutes until you can definitively secure her airway.
Haloperidol (Haldol) would be expected to antagonize the effects of:
amphetamines.
To create a long structure, keratin and other fibrous proteins are likely to use...
an alpha helix
Dysplasia
an alteration of the size, shape, and organization of cells. it is most often found in epithelial cells that have undergone irregular, atypical changes in response to chronic irritation or inflammation.
The LMA is:
an alternative to bag-mask ventilation when intubation is not possible.
Sonorous respirations are MOST likely caused by:
an anatomic airway obstruction
You are in the BEST position to decide what, if any, care needs to be provided at the scene versus en route to the hospital once you:
are able to quantify how sick a patient is.
The anatomic position is used...
as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body
The paramedic should address a patient:
as the patient wishes to be addressed.
At 3:00 a.m. you receive a call for a "man down." While en route to the scene, you ask the dispatcher to provide additional information, but the dispatcher advises you the caller was abrupt on the phone and then hung up. You should:
ask the dispatcher if law enforcement is en route to the scene
To appreciate the S1 sound:
ask the patient to breathe normally and hold his or her breath on expiration.
You are caring for an unresponsive 54-year-old man with an apparent isolated head injury after he fell from a standing position. Your partner is maintaining manual stabilization of the patient's head while assisting his breathing. Your rapid head-to-toe exam reveals only a large hematoma to the patient's forehead. Further assessment reveals that the patient is wearing a medical alert bracelet that reads "allergic to codeine." You should:
assess his blood glucose reading and give dextrose if necessary.
person who has an allergic tendancy
atopic
All of the following are endogenous catecholamines, EXCEPT:
atropine
inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome
autosomal dominant
When assessing the head and face during the full-body exam, you should:
avoid palpating any cranial depressions.
Because the high-pressure ventilator used with needle cricothyrotomy would cause an increase in intrathoracic pressure, ___________ and ___________ may result.
barotrauma, pneumothorax
When ventilating a patient with facial injuries, it is MOST important to:
be alert for changes in ventilation compliance.
When using a tympanic device to obtain a patient's body temperature, you should:
be aware of extrinsic factors that can skew the reading.
An appropriately sized blood pressure cuff should:
be one half to two thirds the size of the upper arm
Connective Tissue
binds the other types of tissue to one another. Cells are separated by non living extra cellular matrix consisting of protein fibers, non fibrous protein and fluid. Collagen is the main protein.
The percentage of an unchanged medication that reaches the systemic circulation is referred to as:
bioavailability.
In shaving a callus with a scalpel, the surest way to know one has shaved all the way through the epidermis is to see...
bleeding
Ondansetron hydrochloride (Zofran) prevents nausea and vomiting by:
blocking serotonin receptors.
Furosemide (Lasix) increases urinary output by:
blocking sodium absorption at the distal and proximal tubules and the loop of Henle
Furosemide (Lasix) increases urinary output by:
blocking sodium absorption at the distal and proximal tubules and the loop of Henle.
The tissue with tree-ring structure is...
bone
Compared to mouth-to-mouth ventilation, mouth-to-mask ventilation is more advantageous in that it:
can be used in conjunction with supplemental oxygen.
A medication that possesses a negative chronotropic effect will:
cause a decrease in the heart rate.
Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true?
caused by increased endothelial permeability and triggered by histamine
Unlike a nondepolarizing paralytic, a competitive depolarizing paralytic:
causes muscle fasciculations.
Cell Signaling
cells release molecules such as hormones that bind to protein receptors on the cell surface. Signals chemical reaction which in turn stimulates biological action
Cell types missing in areolar connective tissue include...
chondrocytes
You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the tube, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?
colloid
Naloxone (Narcan) reverses the central nervous system depressant effects of drugs such as morphine and fentanyl by:
competitively inhibiting opiate receptor sites.
The use of 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) should NOT be considered for patients with:
congestive heart failure.
ribosomes
contain RNA and protein. interact with RNA from other parts of the cell, joining amino acid chains together to form proteins.
Mitochondria...
contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
Nucleus
contains DNA in the chromosomes, RNA in the nucleoli
You have just inserted a Combitube in a 59-year-old cardiac arrest patient. You attach the bag-mask device to the pharyngeal (blue) tube, begin ventilations, and note the presence of bilaterally equal breath sounds, absent epigastric sounds, and visible chest rise. You should:
continue to ventilate and use additional confirmation techniques.
Epithelial Tissue
covers external surfaces of the body and lines hollow organs, intestines, blood vessels and bronchial tubes. absorption and secretion are also functions.
Intermittent claudication is defined as:
cramplike pain in the lower extremities due to poor circulation.
Which body cavity protects the greatest percentage of nervous system?
cranial
Using casual nicknames can be especially problematic when:
cultural differences exist between the patient and the paramedic.
The King LT-D airway features a:
curved tube with ventilation ports located between two inflatable cuffs
Which statement is most correct regarding the chemical signals known as "second messengers"?
cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers
Choose the anatomic topic and definition that is not correctly matched.
cytology; the study of the structures in a particular region
Calcium chloride or calcium gluconate may mitigate hypotension or bradycardia following an overdose of:
diltiazem
Sucrose is a...
disaccharide
If intubation of a child is unsuccessful after two attempts, your MOST appropriate action is to:
discontinue attempts to intubate, ventilate the child with a bag-mask device, and transport immediately.
An artificial airway adjunct:
does not obviate the need for proper head positioning.
Which term means toward or at the back of the body?
dorsal
A deformed steering wheel in conjunction with a deployed air bag indicates that the:
driver was not wearing a seat belt
When a medication alters the velocity of the conduction of electricity through the heart, it is said to have a _____________ effect.
dromotropic
Adenosine is contraindicated for patients with:
drug-induced tachycardia.
A 66-year-old woman is found to be unresponsive and apneic. Her carotid pulse is weak and rapid. When ventilating this patient, you should deliver:
each breath over 1 second at a rate of 10 to 12 breaths/min.
During cardiac arrest, sodium bicarbonate must be used in conjunction with:
effective ventilation.
A 50-year-old woman presents with acute respiratory distress while eating. Upon your arrival, you note that she is conscious, coughing, and wheezing between coughs. Further assessment reveals that her skin is pink and moist. In addition to transporting her to the hospital, you should:
encourage her to cough and closely monitor her condition.
The tissue that tends to be quickest to regenerate when lost is tissue.
epithelial
Isotonic Solution
equal solute concentrations such as normal saline and lactated ringers.
Multilumen airways are contraindicated in patients with:
esophageal cancer.
When determining the correct-sized nasogastric tube for a patient, you should measure the tube:
from the nose to the ear and to the xiphoid process.
A sagittal slice of a person could show all of these at the same time:
front of arm, shoulder joint, back of arm
Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in human bodies.
glucose to CO2 and H2O
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of...
glycogen
In contrast to the right lung, the left lung:
has two lobes.
Compared to Schedule III drugs, Schedule IV drugs:
have a lower abuse potential and include medications such as diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan)
In contrast to infants, toddlers:
have a slower respiratory rate.
It would be appropriate to insert a nasopharyngeal airway in patients who:
have an altered mental status with an intact gag reflex.
An organ needing to send a message to another organ far away in the body will most likey...
have no ducts
You arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle crash in which a small passenger car struck a bridge pillar. The patient, a conscious young woman, is still seated in her car. The scene is safe and law enforcement is directing traffic. Upon initial contact with the patient, you should:
have your partner manually stabilize her head as you assess her mental status.
All of the following are common sites for emergency IO cannulation, EXCEPT the:
iliac crest.
You are transporting a conscious middle-aged woman who fell from a second-story balcony while watering her plants. Full spinal motion restriction precautions have been implemented, supplemental oxygen is being administered, and an IV line of normal saline is in place. With a 15-minute estimated time of arrival at the hospital, the patient's mental status markedly decreases and her respirations become shallow and are making a gurgling sound. Your FIRST action should be to:
immediately suction her oropharynx.
Transillumination-guided intubation can be difficult or impossible to perform:
in a brightly lit environment.
Paradoxical bradycardia may occur if atropine is given:
in doses less than 0.1 mg
Hyperplasia
increase in actual NUMBER of cells in an organ or tissue usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue
Hypertrophy
increase in the SIZE of the cells due to syntheses of more subcellular components.
Signs of clinical improvement during CPAP therapy include:
increased ease of speaking.
The primary physiologic effect of dobutamine is:
increased inotropy
Distention of the jugular veins indicates:
increased venous capacitance
Calcium chloride may be beneficial to patients with beta-blocker overdose because it:
increases cardiac contractility.
If manual positioning of a patient's head is required to keep his or her airway open, you should:
insert an airway adjunct
A neighbor finds her elderly female friend unresponsive on her kitchen floor. As you are performing your primary assessment, the neighbor tells you that she does not know what happened to her friend. The patient moans when you speak to her and is breathing at a normal rate with adequate depth. You should:
insert an airway adjunct, apply supplemental oxygen, and implement spinal motion restriction precautions
Which of the following about a cell's resting transmembrane potential is false?
inside slightly more positive than outside
Which organ or structure would be found in the left iliac region?
intestine
Contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy include:
intracranial surgery within 3 months.
For anaphylactic shock, epinephrine should be given via the _____________ route.
intravenous
After determining that the scene is safe, the FIRST step in approaching a patient is to:
introduce yourself to the patient
When correctly placed, the distal tip of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway (CobraPLA):
is proximal to the esophagus and seals the hypopharynx.
Digital intubation is absolutely contraindicated if the patient:
is unconscious but breathing.
A medication is used "off-label." This means that it:
is used for a purpose not approved by the FDA, at doses different from the recommended doses, or by a route of administration not approved by the FDA
Select the correct statement about isotopes.
isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but different in their atomic masses
The IV route remains the preferred method for administration of medications in the pre-hospital setting because:
it allows an often immediate response or ability to titrate a medication carefully in a rapidly evolving clinical situation
A medication is called an antagonist if:
it has a higher affinity for the receptor site than the chemical mediator
Which statement is the most correct regarding homestatic imbalance?
it is considered the cause for most diseases
When assessing an older adult's pupils and ocular movements, you should recall that:
it is not uncommon for lens deterioration to cause the pupils to be sluggish to react.
In order for a tracheostomy tube to be compatible with a mechanical ventilator or bag-mask device:
it must be equipped with a 15/22-mm proximal adaptor.
Compared to orotracheal intubation, nasotracheal intubation is less likely to result in hypoxia because:
it must be performed on spontaneously breathing patients
Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane?
it prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell
All of the following is true about epithelium except...
it reproduces itself at a slower rate than other tissues
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
its primary function is nutrient storage
From an airway management perspective, the MOST important anatomic consideration regarding an adult's tongue is:
its tendency to fall back and occlude the posterior pharynx.
Which of the following organs is located between peritoneum and body wall?
kidney
From proximal to distal, flow down the urinary system would go from the...
kidneys to the ureters to the bladder to the urethra
Succinylcholine should not be used in patients with:
known hyperkalemia
Where does the metabolism of a medication FIRST occur?
liver
Your patient will MOST likely develop a good first impression of you if you:
look and act professional and confident.
All of the following medications are used to reduce a patient's heart rate and blood pressure, EXCEPT:
lorazepam
An inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks is called:
lordosis
If one were to replace the inner intestinal lining with skin, a person might...
lose the ability to lubricate the passage of food and the ability to absorb nutrients
During sleep, the metabolic rate is ________ and the number of respirations _________.
low, decreases
In general, alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists:
lower the blood pressure
The BURP maneuver usually involves applying backward, upward, and rightward pressure to the:
lower third of the thyroid cartilage.
An enyme speeds up a chemical reaction by...
lowering the activation energy
The axilla is....
medial to the shoulder
Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?
melanin
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
messenger RNA
As a medication undergoes biotransformation, it becomes a:
metabolite
The cell appendages designed to increase the efficiency of absorption are...
microvilli
Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?
microvilli
Passive membrane transport processes include...
movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
The big cells with the most nuclei per cell in the body are...
muscle
Relative to younger adults, older adults generally have a harder time breathing because the:
natural elasticity of the lungs decreases.
In up to one third of all patients, morphine sulfate causes:
nausea and vomiting
Prior to administering dopamine to a patient, the paramedic must ensure that the patient is:
not hypovolemic
Which are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
During ventilation with the LMA, the paramedic should:
observe the patient for signs of inadequate ventilation.
Tidal volume is MOST effectively assessed by:
observing for rise and fall of the chest.
When asking questions pertaining to a patient's sexual history, it is important to remember that:
obtaining the history in a private setting is essential.
The mnemonic "OPQRST" is a tool that:
offers an easy-to-remember approach to analyzing a patient's chief complaint.
Axon
on the other side of the neuron, conducts impulse away from the body of the neuron toward the body of another neuron
When obtaining a peak expiratory flow rate for a patient with acute bronchospasm, you should:
perform the test three times and take the best rate of the three readings.
Abdominal guarding is MOST commonly encountered in patients with:
peritoneal irritation
The biggest objects a cell can take in have to enter by...
phagocytosis
Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?
phagocytosis
The action of the body in response to a medication is called:
pharmacokinetics
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules
Which of the following does not describe uses for the ATP molecule?
pigment structure
For larger medication molecules, cells use a process called _____ to ingest extracellular fluids and their contents.
pinocytosis
The presence of rhonchi during auscultation of the lungs is MOST suggestive of:
pneumonia
DNA fits best with this level of organization:
polymer molecules
Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars?
polysaccharide
What is the posterior side of the patellar area called?
popliteal
Patients who take alpha-blocking medications at home are frequently prone to:
postural hypotension
You are caring for a 69-year-old man with congestive heart failure. His breathing is profoundly labored, his oxygen saturation reads 79% on oxygen via nonrebreathing mask, and he is showing signs of physical exhaustion. Considering that your protocols do not allow you to perform rapid-sequence intubation, you should
preoxygenate him with a bag-mask device and then perform blind nasotracheal intubation.
A 29-year-old woman is in active labor. During your visual exam, you see a limb protruding from her vagina. Upon noting this, it is MOST important to:
prepare for immediate transport
capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
pressure of blood against the capillary walls
The purpose of serous fluid is to...
prevent friction
In contrast to epinephrine, norepinephrine:
primarily stimulates alpha receptors
The MOST clinically significant indicator(s) of ischemia in a limb is/are:
pulselessness
An empathetic attitude:
puts you in your patient's shoes
Tenting of the skin under the jaw often occurs when airway devices are inadvertently inserted into the:
pyriform fossae.
Diltiazem is commonly used for patients with:
rapid atrial fibrillation.
0.45% sodium chloride (½ normal saline) should NOT be used when:
rapid fluid rehydration is required.
Verapamil hydrochloride (Isoptin, Calan) is indicated for patients with:
re-entry supraventricular tachycardia.
Pralidoxime (2-PAM) reverses the effects of organophosphate poisoning by:
reactivating cholinesterase.
After tracheobronchial suctioning is complete, you should:
reattach the bag-mask device, continue ventilations, and reassess the patient.
Some hormones enter cells via...
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up form their basic building blocks by the...
removal of a water molecule between each two units
A whistle-tip suction catheter is MOST often used to:
remove secretions from an ET tube
Patients with _________________ are at significant risk for toxic effects of medications or metabolic waste products in the body.
renal failure
Poor lung compliance during your initial attempt to ventilate an unconscious, apneic adult should be treated by:
reopening the airway and reattempting to ventilate.
Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division?
repressor genes
You would MOST likely see an increased end-tidal CO2 reading in an otherwise healthy older adult because:
residual volume increases with age, resulting in stagnant air remaining in the alveoli and hampering gas exchange.
Undersedation of a patient during airway management would likely result in all of the following, EXCEPT:
respiratory depression.
Chemoreceptor
respond only to water soluble and lipid soluble substances that are dissolved in body fluids (intersitial and CSF). these receptors monitor the pH and the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in arterial blood
An increasing peak expiratory flow reading in a patient with respiratory distress suggests that the patient is:
responding to bronchodilator therapy.
When transferring a geriatric patient from a hospital to an extended care facility, it is MOST important to:
review the patient's transfer paperwork.
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right parts, called?
sagittal
Lorazepam (Ativan) is a:
short-/intermediate-acting benzodiazepine.
Etomidate is a:
short-acting hypnotic that acts at the level of the reticular activating system.
The MOST significant complication associated with the use of an oropharyngeal airway is:
soft-tissue trauma with oral bleeding.
When assessing any patient, the paramedic should remember that:
some patients with a traumatic injury could also have an underlying medical component.
Adipose Tissue
special type of connective tissue consisting of large amounts of lipids.
baroreceptors
specialized nerve cells in the walls of the heart and certain major arteries that detect changes in blood pressure and trigger appropriate responses by the brain. they are found in three places one in the aorta right outside the heart, and two in the carotid arteries
In controlling the speed of a car, the best example of a control center would be the...
speedometer
The diameter of a patient's pupils and their reactivity to light provide information about the:
status of cerebral perfusion.
In adults, new surface epithelial cells and the epithelial cells lining the intestine are derived from...
stem cells
Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by:
stimulating glycogenesis
Glucagon increases the blood glucose level by:
stimulating glycogenesis.
Narcotic analgesics relieve pain by:
stimulating opioid receptors
Repeated doses of a medication within a short time rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective is known as:
tachyphylaxis
If a patient's family member is hostile and begins shouting at you, you should:
tell the person that if he or she continues to shout, you will not feel safe and will need to call law enforcement.
In which mitotic stage do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?
telophase
EMS providers who read off a list of questions to the patient to fill in all the blanks on the run report:
tend to make little or no eye contact with the patient
The Hering-Breuer reflex is a protective mechanism that:
terminates inhalation and prevents lung overexpansion.
Cognitive function can be MOST accurately defined as:
the ability to use reasoning.
Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process.
the age of the person is a factor in the repair process
Stimulation of beta-2 receptors will cause:
the airway diameter to dilate.
The chemical symbol O=O means...
the atoms are double bonded
Proper placement of the King LT airway is performed by all of the following techniques, EXCEPT:
the esophageal detector device.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?
the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate
A patient is generally considered to have orthostatic vital signs when:
the heart rate increases by 20 beats/min or more when going from a supine to a standing position
Select the most correct statement.
the immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system
As a result of the increase in diastolic blood pressure associated with aging:
the left ventricle works harder, becomes thicker, and loses its elasticity.
Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?
the nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine
You should turn the jet ventilator release valve off when:
the patient's chest visibly rises.
The MOST significant disadvantage associated with needle cricothyrotomy is:
the potential for pulmonary aspiration
Rigorous tube confirmation protocol must be followed after performing digital intubation because:
the procedure of digital intubation is truly a blind technique.
In hypovolemic shock, lactated Ringer's solution should be:
titrated to the patient's physiologic response.
In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves...
to hold the molecular backbone together
What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?
to maintain homeostasis
The correct dose of aspirin for a patient with cardiac-related chest pain is:
up to 325 mg, chewable.
The main difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport is that only one process...
uses ATP to provide energy
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
Flushed skin is commonly seen as a result of all the following, EXCEPT:
vasoconstriction
Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors results in:
vasoconstriction
Vasopressin is given for its physiologic effects of:
vasoconstriction.
Patients with primary pulmonary hypertension may experience acute decompensation if they are given a:
vasopressor
If a patient has a stoma and no tracheostomy tube in place:
ventilations can be performed by placing a mask over the stoma.
The umbilicus is to the spine.
ventral
All of the following are adventitious breath sounds, EXCEPT:
vesicular sounds
All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes, except...
vesicular transport
Diffuse pain caused by hollow organ obstruction and stretching of the smooth muscle wall is called __________ pain.
visceral
Choose the statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.
visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart
is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function.
vitamin D
When the blood vessels supplying the skin are fully dilated, the skin becomes:
warm and pink.
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970:
was a legislative act dealing with narcotic and nonnarcotic medications that have a potential for abuse, and developed a drug classification system according to the abuse potential of the medications.
The main component of the cytosol is...
water
According to the most current guidelines for emergency cardiac care, the MOST reliable method for monitoring correct ET tube placement is:
waveform capnography
Which of the following statements is false?
when the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases
When nasally intubating a patient, the ET tube is advanced:
when the patient inhales.
Any time you encounter jugular venous distention in a patient, you should determine:
where the venous obstruction is that is impeding blood return to the heart
When a patient presents with two seemingly unrelated complaints, it is MOST important for the paramedic to determine:
which complaint has a higher priority.
Activated charcoal is contraindicated in patients:
who ingested a corrosive substance.
A size 3 or 4 LMA:
will accommodate the passage of a 6.0-mm ET tube.
When caring for an unresponsive trauma patient, a complete secondary assessment:
will probably not be performed in its entirety.
Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol) should NOT be given to patients:
with a bleeding disorder.
The nasal cannula is of MOST benefit to patients:
with mild hypoxemia and claustrophobia.
Chondroblasts...
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
If a skin graft is applied to a burn wound upside down by mistake, it will not function because of....
wrong order of cell layers
Open cricothyrotomy is indicated when:
you are unable to secure a patent airway with less invasive means.
Pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) is contraindicated if:
you cannot provide adequate ventilation and oxygenation.
If you see a soft-tissue bulge on either side of the airway when performing nasotracheal intubation:
you have probably inserted the tube into the pyriform fossa.
In general, +3 pitting edema is characterized by indentation of the skin to a depth of:
½ in to 1 in.
