Chapter 15: Incarceration and Prison Security

What are the multiple goals pursued in today's prisons with respect to prisoners?

Keeping (custody), using (work), serving (treatment).

Name three of the five legally acceptable reasons for the use of force.

Self-defense, defense of third person, upholding prison rules, prevention of crime, prevention of escapes.

Experts suggest that administrators follow three main principles:

(1)maximize opportunities for the inmate to exercise choice in living circumstances, (2)create opportunities for meaningful living, and (3)help the inmate maintain contact with the outside world (Flanagan, 1995).

The correctional literature points to four factors that make governing prisons different from administering other public institutions:

(1)the defects of total power, (2)the limitation on the rewards and punishments officials can use, (3)the co-optation of correctional officers by inmates, and (4)the strength of inmate leadership.

Most prisons are expected to fulfill goals related to

-keeping (custody), -using (work), and -serving (treatment) inmates. 1) separate lines of command organize the groups of employees that carry out these different tasks. 2) One group is charged with maintaining custody over the prisoners, another group supervises them in their work activities, and a third group attempts to treat them.

Robert Johnson notes

1) "The public culture of the prison has norms that dictate behavior 'on the yard' and in other public areas of the prison such as mess halls, gyms, and the larger program and work sites" 2)Prison is an ultramasculine world.

Charles Logan notes

1) "We ask them to correct the incorrigible, rehabilitate the wretched, deter the determined, restrain the dangerous, and punish the wicked" 2-Because prisons are expected to pursue many different and often incompatible goals, they are almost doomed to fail as institutions. 3) Logan believes the mission of prisons is confinement 4)argues that the basic purpose of imprisonment is to punish offenders fairly and justly through lengths of confinement proportionate to the seriousness of their crimes 5)"to keep prisoners—to keep them in, keep them safe, keep them in line, keep them healthy, and keep them busy—and to do it with fairness, without undue suffering, and as efficiently as possible"

natural life

1) 10 percent are serving "natural life," which means there is no possibility of parole 2) The number of inmates serving natural life has nearly tripled since 1992 and they now make up 10 percent of all prisoners 3)Each life sentence costs taxpayers an estimated $1 million. 4)Long-term prisoners are generally not seen as control problems. 5)Many long-term inmates will eventually be released after spending their prime years incarcerated

reintegration model

1) A model of a correctional institution that emphasizes maintaining the offender's ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society. 2)Recognizing that prisoners will be returning to society, 3)emphasizes maintaining the offenders' ties to family and community as a method of reform 4)gradually give inmates greater freedom and responsibility during their confinement, moving them to halfway houses or work release programs before giving them community supervision.

custodial model

1) A model of incarceration that emphasizes security, discipline, and order. 2)assumes that prisoners have been incarcerated for the purpose of incapacitation, deterrence, or retribution 3)emphasizes security, discipline, and order as it subordinates the prisoner to the authority of the warden. 4) Discipline is strict, and most aspects of behavior are regulated. 5)prevailed in corrections before World War II 6)this model still dominates most maximum-security institutions. 7)The custodial employees are the most numerous -typically organized along military lines, from warden to captain to officer, with accompanying pay differentials down the chain of command 8)All employees are responsible to the warden, but the treatment personnel and the civilian supervisors of the workshops have their own salary scales and titles

Use of Force

1) Although corporal punishment and the excessive use of force are not permitted, correctional officers use force in many situations. 2often confront inmates who challenge their authority or are attacking other inmates. 3)officers must maintain order and uphold institutional rules.

Issues in the Incarceration of Women

1) As the number of female prisoners has increased, cases of sexual misconduct by male correctional officers have escalated. 2) "used their near total authority to provide or deny goods and privileges to female prisoners to compel them to have sex or, in other cases, to reward them for having done so 3)Women's prisons frequently lack proper medical services 4) women typically have more-serious health problems than do men. 5)HIV, tuberculosis, drug addiction, and mental illness affect female prisoners more than they do male inmates. 6)estimated that up to 10 percent of incarcerated women are pregnant 7)147,400 children—three-fourths of whom are under 15 years old—have mothers who are in prison.

Rewards and Punishments

1) Correctional officers often rely on rewards and punishments to gain cooperation 2)To maintain security and order among a large population in a confined space, they impose extensive rules of conduct. 3)Instead of using force to ensure obedience, however, they reward compliance and punish rule violators by granting or denying privileges

"store"

1) Food stolen (from the kitchen) for late-night snacks, homemade wine, and drugs (marijuana) were available in these "stores." 2) this informal economy reinforces the norms and roles of the social system and influences the nature of interpersonal relationships 3)Inmates' success as "hustlers" determines the luxuries and power they can enjoy 4)Prison gangs may also have a significant role in directing the underground economy

Elderly Prisoners

1) In December 2015, state prisons held nearly 156,545 offenders age 55 or older 2)increasing number of inmates older than age 55 3)Because of longer sentences, the elderly inmate population nationwide has risen 3 times faster than the growth in the number of prisoners overall during the first years of the twenty-first century 4)Elderly prisoners have security and medical needs that differ from those of the average inmate 5) Elderly prisoners are more likely to develop chronic illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer 6) Ironically, while in prison the offender will benefit from much better medical care and live a longer life than if he or she were discharged.

The Defects of Total Power

1) In reality, the power of officers is limited, 2) because many prisoners have little to lose by misbehaving, and unarmed officers have only limited ability to force compliance with rules 3)efficiency is further diminished by the ratio of inmates to officers 4) (typically 9 to 1 in federal prisons and 4.5 to 1 in state prisons)

The Convict World

1) Inmates of a maximum-security prison do not serve their time in isolation. 2)prisoners form a society with traditions, norms, networks of relationships and interactions, and a leadership structure 3)Membership in a group provides mutual protection from theft and physical assault, the basis of wheeling-and-dealing activities, and a source of cultural identity

Prison Organization

1) It is a place where a group of employees manage a group of captives. 2)Prisoners must live according to the rules of their keepers, and their movements are sharply restricted.

Doing Time

1) Men "doing time" view their prison term as a brief, inevitable break in their criminal careers, a cost of doing business. 2)They try to serve their terms with the least amount of suffering and the greatest amount of comfort 3)avoid trouble by living by the inmate code, finding activities to fill their days, forming friendships with a few other convicts, and generally doing what they think is necessary to survive and to get out as soon as possible.

How do the social relationships among female prisoners differ from those of their male counterparts?

1) Men are more individualistic and their norms stress autonomy, self-sufficiency, and the ability to cope with one's own problems. Women share more with one another.

Governing a Society of Captives (authoritarian manner.)

1) Much of the public believes that prisons are operated in an authoritarian manner. 2) In such a society, correctional officers give orders and inmates follow those commands. 3)Strictly enforced rules specify what the captives may and may not do 4)Staff members have the right to grant rewards and to inflict punishment. 5) many people believe that no question should arise as to how the prison is run.

The system of rewards and punishments has some deficiencies

1) One is that the punishments for rule breaking do not represent a great departure from the prisoners' usual circumstances. 2) inmates receive authorized privileges at the start of the sentence that are taken away only if rules are broken, but they receive few rewards for progress or exceptional behavior 3)as an inmate approaches release, opportunities for furloughs, work release, or transfer to a halfway house can serve as incentives to obey rules.

How do prisons differ from other organizations in society?

1) Prisons are places where a group of workers manages a group of captives.

Who Is in Prison?

1) The age, education, and criminal history of the inmate population influence how correctional institutions function 2)Data on the characteristics of prisoners are limited 3)The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that a majority of prisoners are men, aged 25 to 44, and members of minority groups 4) Approximately 40 percent of state prisoners have not completed their high school education 5)Recidivists and those convicted of violent crimes make up a significant portion of the prison population. 6) 44 percent of prisoners are rearrested within the first year after release and approximately 25 percent of all released inmates will return to prison within three years 7) Many of today's prisoners have a history of persistent criminal activity.

Prisoners with HIV/AIDS

1) The incidence of HIV/AIDS among prisoners can be traced to increased incarceration of drug offenders. 2)Many of these inmates engaged in intravenous drug use, shared needles, and/or traded sex for drugs or money.

Prisoners with Mental Illness

1) The mass closings of public hospitals for individuals with mental disorders began in the 1960s 2)At the time, new psychotropic drugs made treating patients in the community seem a more humane alternative to long-term hospitalization. 3)It also promised to be less expensive. 4)people saw that community treatment works only if patients take their medication. 5)Widespread homelessness was the most public sign that the community-treatment approach had its shortcomings. 6) many individuals with psychiatric disorders are now arrested and incarcerated 7) These inmates tend to catch a revolving door from homelessness to incarceration and then back to the streets

Why are prison administrators wary of the prison economy?

1) The prison economy is responsible for the exploitation of prisoners by other prisoners and has the potential for conflict and violence.

The availability and type of mental health treatment programs vary from prison to prison.

1) The two most common types involve therapy/counseling or dispensing medications. 2)One in seven inmates in state prisons receives psychotropic medications and many of those inmates, plus others with mental health issues, receive counseling

inmate code

1) The values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates' idea of the model prisoner. 2)these norms and values develop within the prison social system and help to define the inmate's image of the model prisoner. 3)emphasizes the solidarity of all inmates against the staff. 4)inmates should never inform on one another, pry into one another's affairs, "run off at the mouth," or put another inmate on the spot. 5)must be tough and not trust the officers or the principles for which the guards stand. 6)guards are wrong and the prisoners are right. 7)code emerges within the institution as a way to lessen the pain of imprisonment

Prison Programs

1) They frequently focus on counseling offenders about the challenges that they will face in society. 2) Evidence suggests that inmate education and jobs may positively affect the running of prisons, as well as reduce recidivism

What are the major characteristics of today's prisoners?

1) Today's prisoners are largely men in their late 20s to early 30s with less than a high school education. They are disproportionately members of minority groups.

Women in Prison

1) Women constitute only 7 percent (111,495) of the entire U.S. prison population 2)the growth rate in the number of incarcerated women has exceeded that of men since 1981 3)2003 to 2013, the population of men in state and federal prisons increased 7 percent, whereas that of women increased by 11 percent 4)drug offenders making up the largest category in women's prisons 5)This growth is particularly acute in the federal system 6)Women's prisons are smaller, with looser security and less structured relationships; the underground economy is not as well developed; and female prisoners seem less committed to the inmate code 7) Women also serve shorter sentences than do men, so their prison society is more fluid as new members join and others leave. 8)These characteristics of correctional facilities for women are offset by geographic remoteness and inmate heterogeneity 9) most women are imprisoned for drug and property offenses

According to John DiIulio

1) a good prison is one that "provides as much order, amenity, and service as possible given the human and financial resources" 2)Order is here defined as the absence of individual or group misconduct that threatens the safety of others —for example, assault, rapes, and other forms of violence or insult

underground economy

1) ability to produce desired goods and services—food, drugs, alcohol, sex, preferred living conditions—vary according to the scope of official surveillance, the demands of the consumers, and the opportunities for entrepreneurship. 2)Inmates' success as "hustlers" determines the luxuries and power they can enjoy. 3)Participation in the prison economy can put inmates at greater risk for victimization while incarcerated 4)Economic transactions can lead to violence when goods are stolen, debts are not paid, or agreements are violated. 5)Disruptions of the economy can occur when officials conduct periodic "lockdowns" and inspections

Inmate Leadership

1) administrators enlisted the inmate leaders to help maintain order 2)Inmate leaders had been "tested" over time so that they were neither pushed around by other inmates nor distrusted as stool pigeons. 3)served as the essential communications link between staff and inmates. 4)ability to acquire inside information and gain access to higher officials brought inmate leaders the respect of other prisoners and special privileges from officials 5)Prisons seem to function more effectively now than they did in the recent past 6)riots and reports of violence have declined

Guidelines for managing long-term prisoners include .

1) allowing the development of a meaningful life

The multiple goals and separate lines of command often cause

1) ambiguity and conflict in the administration of prisons. 2) the goals imposed on prisons are often contradictory and unclear 3) Conflicts between different groups of staff (custodial versus treatment, for instance), as well as between staff and inmates, present significant challenges for administrators.

"Mom and Me Camp"

1) brings children ages 7 through 12 together with their imprisoned mothers for three days of activities in the summer

John DiIulio's classic study (1987)

1) challenged the common assumption of many correctional administrators that "the cons run the joint." 2) successful wardens have made their prisons function well by applying management principles within the context of their own style of leadership. 3) Prisons can be governed, violence can be minimized, and services can be provided to the inmates if correctional executives and wardens exhibit leadership

The contemporary inmate population presents

1) challenges to correctional workers. 2)Resources may not be available to provide rehabilitative programs for most inmates. 3)must also deal with a different type of inmate, one who is more prone to violence, and with a prison society where racial tensions are great 4)These difficulties are multiplied still further by AIDS and the increasing numbers of elderly and long-term prisoners.

President George W. Bush

1) created a bipartisan National Prison Rape Elimination Commission.

the focus of corrections has shifted to

1) crime control, which emphasizes the importance of incarceration. 2)As a result, the number of people in prison greatly increased 3)politicians argue that offenders have "cushy" lives and that prisoners should return to the strict regimes found in the early twentieth century

Adaptive Roles

1) entering prison, a newcomer ("fish") is confronted by the question, "How am I going to do my time?" 2)Some decide to withdraw and isolate themselves 3)Most male inmates use one of four basic role orientations to adapt to prison: "doing time," "gleaning," "jailing," and functioning as a "disorganized criminal"

An inmate who is will try to make use of prison programs to better himself or herself and increase the likelihood of success after release.

1) gleaning

today's correctional administrators seek to provide

1) humane incarceration 2) struggle with limited resources and shortages of cell space.

Amenities

1) include anything that enhances the comfort of the inmates, such as good food, clean cells, and recreational opportunities.

Jailing

1) is the choice of those who cut themselves off from the outside and try to construct a life within the prison 2) often "state-raised" youths who have spent much of their lives in institutional settings and who identify little with the values of free society. 3)the inmates who seek power and influence in the prison society, often becoming key figures in the politics and economy of prison life.

A prison is simultaneously supposed to

1) keep, use, and serve its inmates.

Warden Dennis Luther

1) led a medium-security federal correctional institution in Pennsylvania in the 1990s without any escapes, murders, or suicides, and with only three serious assaults on staff and six serious assaults among prisoners 2)emphasized prisoners' involvement through "town hall" meetings, communication and interaction between staff and prisoners on a daily basis throughout the institution, education programs, and, especially, treating everyone within the institution—prisoners and staff—with respect

Officers who establish sub-rosa or secret, relationships can be

1) manipulated by prisoners into smuggling contraband or committing other illegal acts. 2)bans on cigarettes inside some prisons have created a lucrative and tempting market for corrections officers to smuggle tobacco into institutions and receive payments from the prisoners' relatives. 3)Because scarce tobacco can be worth hundreds of dollars per bag, unethical officers can significantly enhance their incomes through such smuggling -at the same time that they risk being arrested and sent to prison themselves for such illegal activity

During the 1960s and early 1970s, when the rehabilitation model prevailed,

1) many states built new prisons and converted others into "correctional institutions." 2)institutions continued to give priority to the custody goals of security, discipline, and order. 3)Treatment programs administered by counselors and teachers became a major part of prison life

Goals of Incarceration

1) most people consider security the dominant purpose of a prison. 2)Few inmates escape 3)expected to be impersonal, quasi-military organizations where strict discipline, minimal amenities, and restrictions on freedom constitute the punishment of criminals.

Recruitment of Officers

1) one of the primary incentives for becoming involved in correctional work is the security that civil service status provides. 2)work is thought to be boring, the pay is low, and career advancement is minimal 3) most correctional facilities are located in rural areas, prison work often is better than other available employment. 4)correctional officers are recruited locally 5)many of them are rural and white, in contrast to the majority of prisoners who come from urban areas and are often either African American or Hispanic 6)Special efforts have been made to recruit women and minorities. 7) 30 percent of correctional officers are members of minority groups and 23 percent are women. 8) female officers can have greater perceptions of the risk of victimization on the job than do their male counterparts 9)"female correctional officers with low levels of job satisfaction will report greater job stress"

rehabilitation model

1) reached its height during the 1950s 2)emphasizes treatment programs designed to reform the offender. 3) security and housekeeping activities are viewed primarily as preconditions for rehabilitative efforts 4)professional treatment specialists have a higher status than do other employees 5)Since the rethinking of the rehabilitation goal in the 1970s, treatment programs still exist in most institutions, but few prisons conform to this model today.

The Subculture of Women's Prisons

1) relationships among women appeared more voluntary than coerced 2)female inmates tended to form pseudofamilies in which they adopted various roles—father, mother, daughter, sister 3)women are less violent, involve less gang activity, and do not have the racial tensions that exist in men's prisons; however, the respondents indicated that their interpersonal relationships may be less stable and less familial than in the past. 4)They reported higher levels of mistrust among women and greater economic manipulation. 5) "'homo-secting,' involvement in drugs, fights, of 'being messy,' that is, being involved in conflict and trouble." Owen found that most women want to do their time and go home, but some "are more at home in prison and do not seem to care if they 'lost time'"

Pete Earley found in his study of Leavenworth,

1) roughly 80 percent of inmates try to avoid trouble and do their time as easily as possible 2) recent research indicates that the longer prisoners are incarcerated, the more effective they become in coping with stress and challenges by planning for avoiding confrontations and other problems

The Officer's Role

1) the correctional officer is now considered a crucial professional who has the closest contact with the prisoners and performs a variety of tasks. 2) Officers are expected to counsel, supervise, protect, and process the inmates under their care. 3) also works as a member of a complex bureaucratic organization and is expected to deal with clients impersonally and to follow formal procedures 4)Correctional officers are expected to run a "tight ship" and maintain order

big house

1) the maximum-security prisons where the inmates are tough and the guards are just as tough or tougher 2)predominated in much of the country during the first half of the twentieth century 3)few treatment programs existed; custody was the primary goal.

Staff members in prison must avoid

1) the temptation to inflict hassles and punishments on prisoners as a means of asserting their authority or as a way of lashing back against insults and uncooperative behavior 2)The deprivation of liberty and the constraints of a controlled environment are supposed to be the bases for criminal punishment in prisons

To promote control, officers may follow any of several policies.

1) to offer cooperative prisoners rewards such as choice job assignments, residence in the honor unit, and favorable parole reports. 2) Inmates who do not break rules are given good time 3) Informers may also be rewarded, and 4)administrators may ignore conflict among inmates on the assumption that it keeps prisoners from uniting against authorities.

One way that correctional officers obtain inmate cooperation is by

1) tolerating minor rule infractions in exchange for compliance with major aspects of the custodial regime. 2)correctional officer plays the key role in these exchange relationships. 3)Officers and prisoners remain in close association both day and night—in the cellblock, workshop, dining hall, recreation area, and so on 4)Although the formal rules require a social distance between officers and inmates, the physical closeness makes them aware that each relies on the other. 5)flexibility in rule enforcement was especially important as it related to the ability of prisoners to cope with their environment "give a little extra, and they're good to you."

Gleaning

1) try to take advantage of prison programs to better themselves and improve their prospects for success after release. 2) They use the resources at hand: libraries, correspondence courses, vocational training, schools. Some make a radical conversion away from a life of crime.

The typical big house of the 1940s and 1950s was a

1) walled prison with large, tiered cellblocks, a yard, shops, and industrial workshops. 2) The prisoners, in an average population of about 2,500 per institution, came from both urban and rural areas; they were usually poor, and outside the South, were predominantly white.

In March 2015, for example, an officer employed by a private prison company in Washington, D.C.

1) was sentenced to 27 months in prison for accepting $750 to smuggle a cell phone and cigarettes into a correctional facility

But what quality of life should be maintained in prison?

1) we expect inmates to be engaged in activities during incarceration that will make them better people and enhance their ability to lead crime-free lives upon release.

"geriatric prisons"

1) wings within correctional facilities designed to hold older inmates classified according to needs, -which might include geriatric issues, the necessity for wheelchair-accessible ramps, and long-term care. 2)To some extent, the prison population is growing older because it reflects the aging of the overall citizenry, but more so because sentencing practices have changed.

Disorganized Criminal

1)A fourth role orientation—the "disorganized criminal"—describes inmates who cannot develop any of the other three orientations. 2)They may be of low intelligence or afflicted with psychological or physical disabilities, and they find functioning in prison society difficult. 3). These are also the inmates who cannot adjust to prison life and who develop emotional disorders, attempt suicide, and violate prison rule 4)"human putty"

Male versus Female Subcultures

1)A major difference between the two types of prisons relates to interpersonal relationships. 2) women are also less likely "to impose severe restrictions on the sexual (or emotional) conduct of other members"

The Prison Economy

1)In prison, as outside, individuals want goods and services 2)amenities are scarce 3)experience a loss of identity (due to uniformity of treatment) and a lack of responsibility

Long-Term Prisoners

1)More prisoners in the United States serve longer sentences than do prisoners in other Western nations

five situations in which the use of force is legally acceptable:

1)Self-defense 2) Defense 3)Upholding prison rules 4) Prevention of a crime 5)Prevention of escapes-

The Challenge of Governing Prisons

1)The factors of total power, rewards and punishments, exchange relationships, and inmate leadership exist in every prison and must be managed.

During the past 30 years, prison population

1)The number of African American and Hispanic inmates has greatly increased. 2)More inmates come from urban areas, and more have been convicted of drug-related and violent offenses. 3)street gangs frequently regroup inside prison and contribute to elevated levels of violence. 4)Another major change has been the rising number of correctional officers joining public employee unions 5) focus of corrections has shifted to crime control, which emphasizes the importance of incarceration.

Why does an underground economy exist in prison?

1)To provide goods and services not available through regular channels.

The civil rights movement of the early 1960s profoundly affected

1)prisoners, especially minority inmates. 2)Prisoners demanded their constitutional rights as citizens and greater sensitivity to their needs. 3)courts began to take notice of the legal rights of prisoners 4) traditional judicial hands-off policy evaporated. 5)administrators had to respond to the directives of the judiciary and run the institutions according to constitutional mandates.

market economy

1)provides the goods (contraband) and services not available or not allowed by prison authorities.

contemporary maximum-security prison

1)raise questions about administrators' ability to run prisons in this way. 2) In most of today's institutions, prisoners are divided by race, ethnicity, age, and gang affiliation, so that no single leadership structure exists.

Nearly of female inmates have two or more minor children.

40%

What accounts for the neglect of facilities and programs in women's prisons?

Because there are relatively few women in prison and they are often confined in a single institution within a state, departments of corrections typically devote their program planning and resources to the larger number of prisons that contain male prisoners.

Unlike managers of other government agencies, prison managers:

Cannot select their clients Have little or no control over the release of their clients Must deal with clients who are there against their will Must rely on clients to do most of the work in the daily operation of the institution—work these clients are forced to do and for which they receive little, if any, compensation Must depend on the maintenance of satisfactory relationships between clients and staff

How are children cared for while their mothers are incarcerated?

Children are either with relatives or in foster care.

What are the four role orientations found in adult male prisons?

Doing time, gleaning, jailing, and functioning as a disorganized criminal.

How does today's prison differ from the "big house" of the past?

The characteristics of the inmate population have changed. More inmates are from urban areas and have been convicted for drug-related or violent offenses the inmate population is fragmented along racial and ethnic lines, prisoners are less isolated from the outside world, correctional officers have used collective bargaining to improve their working conditions.

What three models of prison have predominated since the 1940s?

The custodial, rehabilitation, and reintegration models.

What four factors make the governing of prisons different from administering other public institutions?

The defects of total power, a limited system of rewards and punishments, exchange relations between correctional officers and inmates, and the strength of inmate leadership.

What are some of the problems encountered by female prisoners in maintaining contact with their children?

The distance of prisons from homes, intermittent telephone privileges, and an unnatural visiting environment.

What problems do these goals present to administrators?

The goals often mean the administration of prisons is marked by ambiguity and conflict.

Why is it unlikely that a single, overriding inmate code exists in today's prisons?

The prison society is fragmented by racial and ethnic divisions.

What are the key elements of the inmate code?

The values and norms of prison society that emphasize inmate solidarity.

What complex challenges face correctional officers?

They are in daily contact with the inmates and therefore must handle the moment-to-moment aspects of discipline and control as they carry out the institution's detailed policies and procedures.

"Family Connections Visitation

an outside social service agency transports 30 children and their caregivers, usually their grandmothers, to visit imprisoned mothers each month.

State Director of Correctional Services Allitt favors the model of incarceration, which emphasizes security, discipline, and order as it subordinates the inmates to the authority of the warden.

custodial

The most numerous type of correctional employees are those charged with the .

custody of inmates

In a(n) relationship, a correctional officer tolerates minor infractions in return for compliance with major aspects of the custodial regime.

exchange

As a correctional officer, CO Billings may use force only to prevent an escape or other crime, but in these situations he can automatically use deadly force.

false

"Operation Storybook" program

incarcerated mothers and grandmothers have the opportunity to read children's books aloud that are recorded and copied on CDs to be sent to their children and grandchildren 2) A few prisons have family visitation programs that let the inmate, her legal husband, and her children stay together in a mobile home or apartment on prison grounds for up to 72 hours

Service

includes programs designed to improve the lives of inmates: vocational training, remedial education, and work opportunities.

In the South, prisoners worked

outside at farm labor

Correctional operations also face challenges from four specific categories of prisoners:

the increased number of elderly prisoners, the many prisoners with HIV/AIDS, the thousands of prisoners with mental disorders, and the increase in long-term prisoners.

Crime control has become the focus of corrections, with a consequent increase in the importance of incarceration.

true