Chapter 15, lesson 2 World History

Who was Montesquieu ?

-His famous work: the spirit of the laws was a study of governments. -He tried to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings. -He stated that England's government had 3 branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial ( controlled system of checks and balances) -he wrote about separation of powers

Who was Rousseau?

- the social contract -argued that the natural world is good -believed that reason and emotion are both important -defined and described the social contract

Who was Diderot?

-Diderots most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the encyclopedia -assembled knowledge -worked for the reform of society

What is division of labor?

The idea that labor becomes more productive as each worker becomes more skilled at a single job

In John Locke's book to treatises of government, lock argued that's governments should only exist with the consent or approval of whom? What did he say should happen if the government does not do it's job?

1. The people they are trying to govern 2. It should be overthrown

What does laissez-faire mean, and who explained it in The Wealth of Nations?

Laissez-faire: to let people do what they want Adam smith explained it in the Wealth of Nations in 1776

According to John Locke, what was the purpose of government? What right did he think government should protect?

To protect people natural rights:life, liberty and property

Who was Voltaire?

- treatise of toleration -Candide -He was known for his criticism of Christianity. -supported deism -advocated religious tolerance

Who were Hayden and Mozart?

Innovators who wrote classical music In the 18th century

What is wealth of nations?

The sum of goods produced by labor

According to the Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of government?

1. It should protect society from invasion (function of army) 2. The government should defend citizens from injustice (function of police) 3. It should keep up certain public works that private individuals alone could not afford, but are necessary for inter action or trade

What are the three basic tenants of the philosophes

1.Human society is governed by natural laws 2.These natural laws can be discovered by rational men 3. Human society can turn from traditional, authoritarian forms, and progress toward a more perfect government through rational thought

How can pursuit of individual self interest benefit society as a whole?

Adam Smith believed that the wealth of Nations would increase when individuals were free to pursue their own economic self interest within the law

Who was Adam Smith?

Adam Smith published his novel the Nature and Causes of the wealth of Nations. In this book he set forth the economic ideas and principals of modern economics

Rousseau's idea of freedom included A. Doing anything a person wants B. being enslaved by the government C. Doing what is best for the general will

Doing what is best for the general will

In Beccaria's book On Crimes and Punishments, he shared his ideas on how criminals should be treated. What were some of Beccaria's main ideas?

Fair and speedy trials, no torture

Voltair believed in a right so strongly that he said he would defend it to the death. What was the right?

Freedom of speech

If Voltaire saw the universe as a clock, who wound the clock?

God

Voltair was well known for criticizing intolerance wherever he saw it. What happened to him because of his outspoken criticism of authorities?

He was in prison and he was exiled and unwelcome

What ideas did Adam Smith contribute to economic thought?

His idea of laissez-faire stated that the government should play a very small role in this free-market economy. He was first to recognize that the division of labor leads to greater productivity and therefore to greater wealth.

Explain how Smith's ideas are evident in the workings of the US economy

His ideas and principles still serve as the basis of the free enterprise system in the US

How did Locke's ands Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?

Locke argued that every person was born with a blank mind. Locke ideas suggested that people were molded by experiences. Newton believed that the world operated according to natural laws that could be uncovered through systemic investigation. *Enlightenment thinkers wanted an ideal society

Which 3 philosophers were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century?

Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot

What made the rococo style of art different from the earlier baroque style?

Rococo emphasized grace, charm and gentle action. Rococo used delicates designs colored in gold with graceful curves

The French idea that eventually became part of the US constitution is?

Separation of powers

What role did women like Madame Geoffrin play in supporting and promoting the ideas of the enlightenment?

She gave financial support to the encyclopedias. She also mingled by reserving days for discussions between princes, politicians, artist, writers and philosophers

What 2 reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?

She noted that the same people who argued that women must obey men also said that government based on power of monarchs was wrong. She pointed out that they're of men over women was wrong And that women are entitled to the same rights as men.

What is invisible hand?

The belief that competition and individual self interest act together to guide resources to their most productive uses

What practices in the justice system upset Beccaria?

Unfair judges, torture, capital judgment, etc.

How does Rousseau's the social contract describe liberty?

liberty is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for "the general will", because the "general will" represents what is best for the entire community