Chapter 15
Lung capacity drops _____ percent between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present.
40
What is the average life expectancy for individuals born today in the United States?
78.7 years
_____ is a condition in which individuals may have relatively normal peripheral vision but are unable to see clearly what is right in front of them.
Macular degeneration
Severe reductions in the production of dopamine have been linked with:
Parkinson disease
A potential benefit of working in an occupation with a high level of mental demand is:
improved cognitive functioning
The physical benefits for older adults who exercise include all of the following EXCEPT:
improved hearing and vision
_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood
arthritis
_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits practical judgment about important matters.
wisdom
Remembering where you went on vacation last summer is an example of _____ memory.
episodic
_____ involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.
Osteoporosis
Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lens of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.
Cataracts
_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.
Cellular clock
Which of the following statements about the relationship between semantic memory and aging is TRUE?
Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults
Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?
Estrogen production and the additional X chromosomes
According to evolutionary theory, which of the following is the reason Alzheimer disease not been eliminated by evolution?
It does not appear until middle adulthood or late adulthood.
Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?
John summarizes the plot of a novel that he has just read to his friend
Which of the following countries had the lowest estimated life expectancy in 2011?
South Africa
_____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes.
Telomeres
The _____ is involved in smell.
olfactory bulb
Which of the following is a similarity of the cellular clock, free-radical, and mitochondrial theories?
They attempt to explain aging at the cellular level.
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
Typing on the computer while talking to a friend
_____ are the most noticeable changes in physical appearance in late adulthood.
Wrinkles and age spots
With age:
both brain weight and brain volume decrease
Deterioration of the myelin sheath that encases axons is called:
demyelination
The vision of older adults can be affected by age-related changes. One of these changes, which can make steps and curbs difficult to manage, is a decline in:
depth perception
_____ are the leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older
falls
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?
free-radical theory
Jace has been diagnosed with _____, a condition characterized by damage to the optic nerve due to buildup of fluid in the eye.
glaucoma
A recent study found that older adults with _____ levels of education had better cognitive functioning.
higher
The _____ is involved in memory.
hippocampus
Remembering how to ride a bike without having to consciously think about it is a part of an individual's _____ memory.
implicit
_____ memory is memory without conscious recollection.
implicit
Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by:
injecting it with telomerase
In the study by Rodin and Langer, which of the following was found to be the result of older adults having perceived control over their own lives?
it was found to increase longevity
The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair are known as:
mitochondria
According to research, each successive generation in the twentieth and now the twenty-first century is _____ educated than generations prior.
more
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major diseases that can impair the vision of older adults?
myopia
_____ is a cognitive resource that involves the ability to perform tasks such as deciding whether pairs of two-digit or two-letter strings are the same or different or determining the time required to step on the brakes when the car directly ahead stops.
perceptual speed
The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.
prefrontal cortex
According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is linked to _____, which is present in the earlier part of adulthood.
reproductive fitness
Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the _____ process, providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging.
stem cell regeneration
An example of _____ attention is the ability to focus on one voice among many in a crowded room or a noisy restaurant.
selective
A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.
semantic
Frank, age 67, recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of Frank's _____ memory.
semantic
Helen's knowledge of calculus and statistics is a part of her _____ memory.
semantic
Older adults have more difficulty determining the time required to step on the brakes when a traffic light suddenly turns red. This is because they have:
slower perceptual speed
_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment.
sustained
According to the cellular clock theory, after about 70 or 80 replications, the cell no longer can reproduce and the _____ are dramatically reduced.
telomeres
Which of the following is observed in older adults?
the chest size decreases
Color vision declines with age due to:
the yellowing of the lens of the eye