Chapter 16

Vroom Expectancy Theory

Based on premise felt needs drive human behavior Motivation Strength - Individual's desire to perform a behavior - Motivation fluctuates as individual's desire increases or decreases

Job Design

Job Rotation Job Enlargement Job Enrichment Flextime

Needs-Goal Theory

Managers must be familiar with employee needs and offer valued rewards to satisfy those needs

Theory X

Negative assumptions about employees Dislike work, Naturally lazy, Avoid work when able Bad Managers

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Physiological Needs Security Needs Social Needs Esteem Needs Self-actualization Needs (Know how a company satisfies them)

Equity Theory of Motivation

When individuals believe they have been treated unfairly in comparison to other coworkers, they react in a way to try to fight the inequity - Change work outputs - Change compensation - Change perceptions - Leave situation

Perceptions of inequity come from:

Work assignments Promotions Compensation Ratings reports Office assignments

Monetary Incentives

ESOPs - Employee Stock Ownership Plans Lump-Sum Bonuses Gain-Sharing

McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory

Focus on needs people acquire through life experiences Need for Achievement - Set challenging, yet achievable goals Need for Power - Seek advancement involving increasing amounts of responsibility, enjoy decision making Need for Affiliation - Cooperative, team-centered managerial style, Prefer to influence subordinates to complete tasks through team efforts

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

Hygiene, Maintenance Factors -Relate to work environment -When these factors are undesirable, the individual becomes dissatisfied Motivating Factors -Relate to the work itself -When these factors are compelling, the individual is satisfied and motivated to perform tasks

Theory Y

Positive assumptions about employees Self-direction, creative, Seek responsibility, Exercise self-control Good Managers

Motivation Theories

Process Theories - Emphasize how individuals are motivated Focus on steps occurring when individual is motivated Content Theories - Emphasize individual's internal characteristics Focus on understanding what needs individuals have and how to satisfy those needs

Nonmonetary Incentives

Promoting from within Emphasis on quality

Behavior Modification

Reinforcement -Positive reinforcement -Negative reinforcement Punishment Extinction - how long does it take for productivity to go away without positive reinforcement

Maturity-Immaturity Progression

State of passivity State of dependence Capable of behaving in many different ways Deeper, more lasting interests Long-time perspective Aspiring to occupy an equal subordinate position Control over self