Chapter 16 A&P II

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

A liver cell responds to insulin by? Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Releasing insulin. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. Releasing glucagon.

1. Water-soluble hormone binds receptor 2. Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. Adenylate cyclase generates cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

A&P Flix Activity: Mechanism of Hormone Action: Second Messenger cAMP

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Body cells that respond to insulin include Muscle cells only. Intestinal cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Liver cells and muscle cells only. Liver cells only.

Hyposecretion of the pancreas

Diabetes mellitus

True

Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters. True or False

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.

Grave's disease

Testosterone production

Hormonal stimulus

True

Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body. True or False

During protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? -Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. -Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. -Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. -Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells. -Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells.

By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin

Parathyroid hormone production

Humonal stimulus

Aldosterone production

Humoral and/or hormonal stimulus

True

Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension. True or False

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulates other endocrine glands.

Hypophysis

Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

Hypothalamus gland

Target cells do not respond normally to insulin

In TYPE 2 Diabetes

Glucose levels remain higher than normal.

In both TYPE 1 and TYPE 2 Diabetes

Up-regulation

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. cellular affinity sensitivity increase up-regulation a stressor reaction

Decreased insulin secretion

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased or difficulty breathing decreased insulin secretion decreased sweating decreased cardiac output

No insulin is produced

In tYPE 1 Diabetes

Adipocytes

Leptin is secreted by ________. goblet cells fibroblasts adipocytes lymphocytes

True

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters. True or False

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. testosterone epinephrine cortisol estrogen

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.

Myxedema

Epinephrine production

Neural stimulus

Increased secretion of ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) decreased secretion of catecholamines decreased secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)

Humoral stimulation

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? catabolic inhibition humoral stimulation protein synthesis carbohydrate oxidation

Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

Ovary

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

Pancreas

Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue.

Parathyroid

Hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Pituitary dwarfism

Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

Pituitary gland

Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity

Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.

Testis

The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

cAMP in the cytoplasm

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. -water-soluble hormone in the blood -adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane -plasma membrane receptors -cAMP in the cytoplasm -phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm

True

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. True or False

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called negative feedback. diabetes. homeostasis. positive feedback. None of the above.

False

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. True or False

True

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland." True or False

Aldosterone

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. insulin aldosterone cortisol glucagon

True

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis. True or false

Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP synthesizing more than one hormone at a time

Humoral stimuli

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________. humoral stimuli hormonal stimuli endocrinal stimuli neural stimuli

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.

Thyroid

Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone

It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. It is very specific in the cell type it targets. It causes positive feedback. It does not require a second messenger to effect a response

True

Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production. True or False

False

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. True or False

Second messengers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. calcium second messengers nucleotides deactivating ions

Plasma membrane receptors

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. -protein kinases -cAMP -adenylate cyclase -cytoplasmic receptors -plasma membrane receptors

Throxine

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image? growth hormone mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids thyroxine

Liver cells

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Muscle cells. Cells in the pancreas. Liver cells. Intestinal cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.

ADH (vasopressin)

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? aldosterone ADH (vasopressin) angiotensin II cortisol

Calcium

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? calcium sodium iron chlorine

Alter cell activity

What is the primary function of hormones? activate extracellular enzymes cause allergic reactions influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses alter cell activity

Phosphorylate protein

What is the role of activated protein kinases? Activate adenylate cyclase. Degrade cAMP to AMP. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Phosphorylate proteins.

The pancreas releases insulin

When blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases glucagon. The pancreas releases glucose. The liver releases glucagon. The pancreas releases insulin. The liver releases insulin.

They have ducts.

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands? They drain vascularly. They have ducts. They produce hormones. They drain lymphatically.

Adenoid

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? -thyroid -adrenal -adenoid -pituitary

Insulin

Which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone? growth hormone (GH) glucagon insulin epinephrine

Polycythemia

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? polydipsia polyuria polyphagia polycythemia

Enzyme

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? enzyme hormonal humoral neural

Direct control of the nervous system

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? direct control of the nervous system the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis an increase in enzymatic activity a change in membrane potential

Epinephrine

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? aldosterone estrogen epinephrine cortisone

Feedback

Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? feedback synergism permissiveness antagonism

Synergism

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? antagonism permissiveness summation synergism

Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces? zona fasciculata: gonadocorticoids zona reticularis: catecholamines zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids medulla: glucocorticoids

A decrease in blood glucose levels

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? somatostatin release of insulin a decrease in blood glucose levels hyperglycemia

The heart

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? the kidney the skin the heart the spleen

1. Blood glucose becomes higher. 2. Pancreas releases insulin. 3. Insulin binds to receptors on target cells. 4. Cells take in glucose. 5. Blood glucose returns to normal.

You eat a sugary snack. What happens next?To review how the body maintains homeostasis when blood glucose levels rise.

Permissiveness

__________ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present. Antagonism Permissiveness Synergism Activism

Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone).

Adrenal gland

The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction.

Adrenal medulla

Function to increase sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone ________. is secreted by the neurohypophysis production is greatly influenced by ACTH presence increases potassium concentration in the blood functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Flase

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant. True or False

Decrease secretion of renin

Aldosteronism will cause ______. decreased secretion of renin decreased secretion of ANP (atrial naturetic peptide) decreased loss of K+ in the urine None of the listed responses is correct.

A (steroid hormone)

At which point does the hormone bind to its intracellular receptor? Determine the receptor-hormone complex. Select from letters A-D. A B C D

True

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium. True or False

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of the growth hormone.

Acromegaly

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex

Addison's disease

Possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates possible activation of several different second-messenger systems hormone binding to intracellular receptors cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger

Hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. -proteins -enzymes -hormones -antibodie

Cushing's disease

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." Cushing's disease pheochromocytoma Addison's disease

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.

Cretinism

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Cushing's disease

Blood pressure

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______. blood pressure gluconeogenesis plasma glucose levels All of the listed responses are correct.

Phosphodiesterase

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. G proteins adenylate cyclase phosphodiesterase AMP protein kinase

The pancreas releases glucose, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are low The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

Insulin

Which hormone is involved in diabetes mellitus (DM)? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) glucagon insulin aldosterone

Glucocorticoids

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress? mineralocorticoids thyroxine glucocorticoids insulin

Type of hormone

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone number of receptors for that hormone blood levels of hormone type of hormone

Cushing's syndrome

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? Cushing's syndrome Addison's disease cretinism Graves' disease

Heart palpitation

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? cool, dry skin low blood glucose heart palpitations slow heart rate

Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources breakdown of glycogen into glucose conversion of glucose to fat creation of glycogen from glucose

Lower blood glucose levels

Which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin? synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules release glucose into the blood by liver cells lower blood glucose levels catabolize glycogen into glucose

Phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? -adenylate cyclase -protein kinase -phosphodiesterase -G protein

Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? cortisol aldosterone ADH (vasopressin) epinephrine