Chapter 16 Book 2: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (1540-1789)

Who was the ruler of Prussia during the time represented in the map?

Frederick the Great

Diderot

French philosopher, editor of the French Encyclopedie (1751-1772). Atheist.

Match the scientist to their contribution (names will not all be used): First to use telescope to study the heavens (discovered moons of Jupiter and evidence of heliocentric universe)

Galileo

Review Question In which place were the following "public moral" laws enforced by the city government in 1547?Anyone who blasphemes (swears using the Lord's name) will be forced to kiss the groundAnyone who sings immoral songs or dances shall be put in prison for 3 days

Geneva

Gaileo

Invented the idea of inertia. The idea that motion, not rest is the natural state of an object, and an object is in motion forever unless stopped by an external force.

How was Poland divided?

It shows how a weakly ruled Poland was divided up and shared in a deal between Russia, Austria and Prussia

The following famous opening line comes from a novel about the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. Who was the author? "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife"

Jane Austen

If you were Jewish in the 18th century, under whose reign would you be most likely to be allowed to integrate into society? - Joseph II of Austria - Frederick the Great of Prussia - Peter the Great of Russia - Catherine the Great of Russia

Joseph II of Austria

Which of the following natural philosophers also embraced astrology, cast horoscopes for the royal family and published a book about travel to the moon that contributed to his mother being tried as a witch?

Kepler

Cesare Beccaria

believed that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and public trials, and that capital punishment should be done away with completely. Wrote "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764).

alchemy

medieval chemistry

Madame Geoffrin

ran one of the most respected salons

Reading Revolution

result of reading more books on many more subjects, allowing the educated public in France and throughout Europe the approach reading in a new way.

Coffee Houses

spread throughout Europe during the early 18th century. It was a place where people read magazines, newspapers and exchange ideas. It fueled the Age of Enlightenment.

astrology

study of the stars, planets, and horoscope

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law. Believed women were only to please men.

David Hume

"natural religion": an attempt to explain religious beliefs about the creation of the universe in rational terms.

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. "I think therefore I am.."

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', worried that absolutism in France was turning into tyranny, liked the English Parliamentary system. Argued for separation of power.

Review question that ties together old stuff you learned and new stuff! During outbreaks of the Black Death (the plague), one "cure" involved chewing on herbs to reduce the imbalance of bile and phlegm in the body. This is Galen's theory of humors in action. In what CENTURY did the Black Death first appear in Europe?

14th

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

In the reading revolution of the 1700s, which of the following changed? - People were reading more secular books and fewer religious ones - The number of books being printed and read grew significantly - More books were read silently and privately instead of out loud in a group - All of the above

All of the above

What is an "enlightened absolutist?"

An absolute monarch who adopts some progressive Enlightenment ideas

Which philosopher was most responsible for the popularization of the geocentric (earth at the center) view of the universe?

Aristotle

Match the scientist to their contribution (names will not all be used): Formalized the empirical method; his followers founded the Royal Society

Bacon

Secularism

Belief that decisions about government, education, and individual behavior should not be influenced by religion.

Atheism

Belief that there is no god. Diderot was an example

As her Habsburg predecessors before her, Queen Maria Theresa was a devout

Catholic

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood

John Locke

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (book). The human mind is a blank tablet "tabula rasa" on which understanding and beliefs are inscribed by experience.

Royal Society of London

Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences.

Andreas Vesalius

Father of Anatomy

Match the scientist to their contribution (names will not all be used): Discovered the circulation of blood through the veins and arteries

Harvey

Aristotle's view of the universe

His knowledge on geography presented advances on cartography by representing a round earth

Who of the following was a salonniere?: - Madame Geoffrin - Jean Jacques Rousseau - Frederick the Great - Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst

Madame Geoffrin

Match the scientist to their contribution (names will not all be used): Explained 3 laws of motion and mechanics, including law of universal gravitation

Newton

Which of the following natural philosophers practiced alchemy and believed that objects had occult qualities?

Newton

Newton

Principia Mathematica (1684 book), Law of universal gravitation, Law of physics.

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Examples: Adam Smith, Voltaire, John Locke.

Empiricism

The theory that all knowledge comes from experiences of the senses instead of innate ideas or tradition. The philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments.

Why do some historians argue that coffeehouses helped spread the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment?

They were a public place where people could learn about and debate issues of the day

Kepler

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun.

Salons

Weekly meetings held here (in wealthy households) brought together writers, aristocrats, and financiers to eat and discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Voltaire

a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.

The first and most fundamental step in Descartes' process of skepticism was...

doubt

Copernicus' methods were revolutionary because...

he used math instead of philosophy to make sense of the universe

Bacon

theory of inductive reasoning: Bacon urged the collection and analysis of data about the world and started what was to become natural science.

Mary Wollstonecraft

was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. She is best known for her "Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792).