Chapter 16 Connect

A bone marrow donor donates about _______ milliliters of bone marrow.

500 - 800

Type ______ blood contains no anti-A or anti-B antibodies whereas type _____ blood contains both types.

AB, O

Human blood types fall into four distinct groups called the ______ blood groups.

ABO

The four distinct types of blood are referred to as the ________ blood groups.

ABO

_______ is the absence of antibodies in serum.

Agammaglobulinemia

A(n) ____ to a drug is one of the most common side effects of medical treatment.

Allergy

Which of the following is NOT a common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?

Anaphylaxis

The term neoplasm is a synonym for _________.

Cancer

Which of the following terms are used to describe any cell type which appears to replicate in an uncontrolled manner?

Cancer

Which of the following methods are commonly used to prevent type I allergic reactions?

Drug therapy Desensitization therapy Hyposensitization therapy Avoiding the allergen

True or false: Most B-cell immunodeficiencies are X-linked traits and therefore, occur most often in girls.

False

Which of the following is NOT a possible sign or symptom of anaphylaxis?

Fever

Class ____ and class ____ genes of the major histocompatibility complex coincide with certain autoimmune diseases.

I II

Type _______ hypersensitivities involve complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies.

II

A chemical mediator involved in allergic reactions, also known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" due to its property of inducing gradual contraction of smooth muscle, is

Leukotriene

Which genes have been shown to coincide with certain autoimmune diseases?

MHC Class II MHC Class I

Why is the first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother usually unaffected by hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Maternal sensitization is usually not completed before birth.

Blood serum ________ contain preformed antibodies to A and B antigens without prior exposure to the antigens.

May

In placental sensitization, the mother is Rh _____ , whereas the fetus is Rh ______.

Negative, positive

Which of the following terms is another word used to describe the disease known as cancer?

Neoplasm

To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive what treatment?

Passive antibody preparation

The first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother is usually unaffected because _________ sensitization is usually not completed before birth.

Placental

___________ sensitization occurs when fetal red blood cells leak into maternal circulation during childbirth.

Placental

are more allergenic than other macromolecules

Proteins

What are the roles of the MHC I and II molecules?

Recognition of self Regulation of immune response.

Which of the following is not a method used to prevent type I allergic reactions?

Removal of the thymus gland

The initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) ________.

Sensitizing dose

Which of the following is a chemical mediator that inhibits central nervous system activity and stimulates smooth muscle contraction?

Serotonin

Type IV hypersensitivities involve _________-lymphocytes.

T

Type IV hypersensitivities primarily involve ________ cells.

T

A T-cell deficiency is more devastating than a B- cell deficiency because _________ cells are required to assist in most specific immune reactions.

T-helper

A dysfunctional ________ cell line is usually more devastating than a defective ________ cell line.

T; B

Both in ______ and in _______ methods can be used to diagnose allergies.

Vitro Vivo

The absence of antibodies in serum is called ________.

agammaglobulinemia

Which of the following commonly involve type I allergies?

anaphylaxis asthma drug allergy hay fever eczema food allergy

An immune complex phenomenon that develops after repeat injection is called a(n) ________.

arthus reaction

______ is defined as a localized allergic reaction classified as type I involving IgE antibody; includes symptoms of hay fever, asthma, and skin rash.

atopy

The pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens is called a(n) ________.

autoimmune disease

Severe neurological symptoms are caused by autoantibodies that attack the brain in ______.

autoimmune encephalitis

Which of the following are means that lead to the development of Rh antibodies?

blood transfusion placental sensitization

Type II hypersensitivities involve ______.

complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies

The primary cell type responsible for host rejection of a graft is the ______T cell.

cytotoxic

The most profuse and fastest-acting allergic mediator is ____ , which has profound effects on smooth muscle and glands.

histamine

The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called

immunopathology

Allergies can be diagnosed by ________ methods.

in vivo and in vitro

Bone marrow is transplanted into the recipient by ______.

intravenous drip into recipient circulation

Systemic ________ erythematosus is a chronic autoimmunity where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs.

lupus

Because most B cell based immunodeficiencies are X-linked traits, the occur more often in ________.

male children

When fetal erythrocytes leak into maternal circulation during childbirth, ________ sensitization occurs.

placental

A person inheriting at least one dominant Rh allele will be Rh _______ , whereas a person inheriting two recessive alleles will be Rh _______ .

positive, negative

The four ways in which secondary immune deficiency diseases are acquired are ______.

radiation infection chemotherapy organic disease

Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is a reaction to inhaled allergens or chemical irritants that typically target ______ membranes.

respiratory

Which of the following structures are targeted in allergic rhinitis?

respiratory membranes

An individual may develop Rh antibodies following placental _____ or blood _______.

sensitization, transfusion

_________ reactive to another blood type may exist in serum even though contact with other blood types has never occurred.

Antibodies

Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive passive immunotherapy treatment with a(n) ____________ preparation to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Antibody

Which of the following are involved in immune complex diseases?

Antibody-antigen complexes

Immune complex diseases are triggered by the formation of free-floating _________-________ complexes that can deposit in tissues.

Antigen-antibody

The __________ reaction is an immune complex phenomenon that develops after repeat injections.

Arthus

Which of the following is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction?

Asthma

is a respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction.

Asthma

is the general term for a localized type I allergic reaction.

Atopy

A(n) __________ disease is a pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against self antigens.

Autoimmune

Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for graft rejection?

Cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following is a birth defect usually caused by a missing or incomplete thymus gland that results in a severe reduction or absence of cell-mediated immunity?

DiGeorge syndrome

________ _______ is a birth defect usually caused by a missing or incomplete thymus gland that results in abnormally low or absent T cells and other developmental abnormalities.

DiGeorge syndrome

Which are the three most common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?

Diarrhea Abdominal pain Vomiting

Atopic dermatitis or ______ is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.

Eczema

________ is defined as an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itching and burning sensations. Typically, red vesicular lesions erupt, leaving the skin dry and scaly.

Eczema

________ is the most profuse and fastest-acting mediator of allergy, its effects include stimulation of smooth muscle, glands and eosinophils.

Histamine

"________ is the study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response."

Immunopathology

________, known as the "slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" for its role in inducing gradual smooth muscle contraction, and is a chemical that is responsible for prolonged bronchospasm, capillary permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatics.

Leukotriene

Which of the following conditions is not associated with type I allergic reactions?

Lupus

Which of the following is characterized as a chronic autoimmunity disorder where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs resulting in dysfunction/tissue damage.

Lupus erythematosus

Which of the following is NOT a predominant consequence of immunodeficiency?

Mental deterioration

The majority of type I allergies are ________.

Mild

The _______ ________is an antigen on red blood cells that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components.

Rh factor

Which of the following can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components?

Rh factor

The general roles of MHC classes I and II are the recognition of ___________and regulation of the ___________ response.

Self, immune

Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Sneezing Prostration Difficulties breathing Convulsions Itching

True or false: Allergy to drugs is one of the most common side effects of medical treatment.

True

___ ____ is a form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages.

allergic rhinitis

A form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages is known as _________.

allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.

allergy

Immune complex deposition in the ________ of epithelial tissues triggers the tissue damage that is characteristic of Type III hypersensitivity reactions.

basement membrane

Tissue destruction occurs in type III reactions when immune complexes deposit in the _______ _______ of epithelial tissues.

basement or basal membrane

A person's Rh type results from the combination of two possible alleles, a ________ one that codes for the Rh factor, and a ________ one that does not.

dominant/recessive

Although about 30% of the human population are prone to allergies, the symptoms of the majority of type I allergies are relatively

mild

With respect to hemolytic disease of the newborn, the potential for placental sensitization occurs through which combination of mother and unborn child?

mother is Rh negative unborn child is Rh positive

Predominant consequences of immunodeficiencies include ______.

opportunistic infections recurrent infections

Which type of macromolecule is most allergenic?

proteins

The _____ dose is the initial exposure to an allergen that stimulates an immune response.

sensitizing

One theory of autoimmunity is that during embryonic development, some antigens are kept behind anatomical barriers and cannot be scanned by the immune system. This is called the _______ theory.

sequestered antigen

The ________ theory explains that some tissues are immunologically privileged and cannot be scanned by the immune system.

sequestered antigen

A neurotransmitter that is also believed to complement the effects of histamine is

serotonin