Chapter 16- Endocrine System

Cotosol

Anti-inflammatory, puts fuel into your blood stream.

Type II Diabetes

Beta cells produce beta cells (insulin) but body does not recognize insulin.

Humoral

Body fluid/something going on in the body that triggers a hormone

Anabolism is...

Building up

Explain the physiological mechanisms of how calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin lowers calcium levels by slowing down the rate at which calcium leaves the bones by inhibiting osteoclasts. Calcitonin also stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in the bone matrix.

Androgens (androgenic steroids) Effects

Can be converted to testosterone in the circulation, likely responsible for development of female pubic hair and libido

Hydrophilic

Can go through

Hydrophobic

Cant go through

Cortisol (glucocorticoids) Target Tissues

Liver, muscle, adipose, white blood cells

Function of Melatonin

Main target tissues are the sleep-regulating centers in the reticular formation of the brainstem, where it appears to adjust the sleep phase of the sleep/wake cycle in some people.

What Gland Produces Cortisol?

Middle zona fasciculate of adrenal cortex

Neuroendocrine Organs

Modified nerves

Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) Target Tissues

Nearly every cell in the body

Endocrine gland is made of...

Nerve tissue

Another Word for Posterior Pituitary

Neurohypophysis

Androgens (androgenic steroids) Target Tissues

Organs of the reproductive tract, brain, bone, skeletal muscle

What Gland Produces Aldosterone?

Outer zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

What Makes Sex Hormones

Ovaries and testies

Insulin & glucagon comes from...

Pancreas

What Gland Produces Melatonin?

Pineal Gland

What Gland Produces Oxytocin?

Posterior Pituitary Gland

What Gland Produces the Antidiuretic Hormone?

Posterior pituitary gland

What are the complications of diabetes mellitus?

slow wound healing, altered mental status, ketoacidosis-weight loss, damage to eyes, heart, kidneys, peripheral nerves-think feet and loss of sensitivity.

Every Hormone Has...

A receptor, control center, & effector

Androgens (androgenic steroids) Stimulus for Release

ACTH

Cortisol (glucocorticoids) Stimulus for Release

ACTH

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) Stimulus for Release

ACTH, elevated potassium

Another Word for Anterior Pituitary

Adenohypophysis

What Gland Produces Epinephrine?

Adrenal Medulla

Mineralocorticoids=

Aldosterone= 🠕 blood volume, 🠕 blood pressure by restoring Na+, K+

What Gland Produces Prolactin?

Anterior Pituitary

What Gland Produces the Adrenocorticotropic hormone?

Anterior Pituitary

What Gland Produces the Growth Hormone?

Anterior Pituitary

What Gland Produces the Thyroid-stimulating hormone?

Anterior Pituitary

Autocrine

Cell is signaling to itself

What are Steroids Made of

Cortisol (cholesterol)

Glucocorticoids=

Cortisol= anti-inflammatory, fuel

Receptor

Detect the deviation of the variable

What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Excessive thirst, sweet smelling urine, weight loss (type 1),

Describe Endocrine Signaling. Mention glandular cell, hormone, bloodstream, target cell, and hormone receptor.

Gland makes hormone, which is secreted through the bloodstream and delivered to a specific target cell, where it binds to the target cell hormone receptor to stimulate a metabolic response.

Explain the physiological mechanisms of how glucagon and insulin regulate blood glucose levels

Glucagon stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to convert noncarbs like amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis).

Trophic=

Growth

Paracrine

Hormones bind to a neighboring cell

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary? How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary?

Hormones sent through the hypophyseal portal veins stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete specific hormones

Endocrine System

Hormones that circulate through the bloodstream

Thyroid Hormone

Hydrophobic

Function of Cortisol

In addition to glucose, also influences metabolism of fat and protein in order to conserve glucose for the brain.

Where are Fat Soluble Receptors?

In the nucleus (all cells are this way)

Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) Effects

Increase rate & force of heart contractions, dilatate bronchioles, constrict blood vessels to the digestive & urinary organs and the skin, increase the metabolic rate; dilatate the pupils

Cortisol (glucocorticoids) Effects

Increases gluconeogenesis in the liver, protein breakdown in muscle, lipolysis in adipose tissue, & inhabits the inflammatory response

Function of Epinephrine

Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate, dilates vessels and airways, & increase blood glucose by breaking down glycogen stores.

Control Center

Increases or decreases its secretion of a particular hormone

Somatostatin

Inhibits production of growth hormone from an anterior pituitary gland

Type I Diabetes

Juvenile, beta cells (insulin) are destroyed by immune system.

What are the functions of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)? What parts of the thyroid tissue are involved in synthesizing thyroid hormones? What trace element is needed to make thyroid hormones?

The T's speed up the rate at which cells release energy from carbs and determines how many calories the body must consume at rest to sustain life. This is measured as the basal metabolic rate (BMR). When there's too much T3 and T4 circulating, the hypothalamus stops secreting TRH, which in turn inhibits the pituitary from secreting TSH.

Hydrophobic Hormones

Receptors in the nucleus, crosses plasma membrane, steroid & thyroid hormones

Function of Antidiuretic hormone

Reduces the volume of water that the kidneys secrete. Stimulates water retention (or decreases urine output)

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

Regulates blood pressure, increases ion loss in the urine

Thyroid Gland

Regulates heat

Function of Aldosterone

Regulates the concentration of mineral electrolytes like Na+ (sodium) and K+ (potassium) by telling the kidneys to save sodium ions and secrete potassium ions.

Hydrophilic hormones uses...

Second messenger

Tropic=

Signaling

What is the Physiological action of a thyroid hormone?

Similar to steroid hormones, but there may be a specific mechanism that helps them to move across the cell membrane. Increase cellular metabolism (activity of cells)

How are Hormones Chemically Classified?

Steroid & non steroid

What is the Physiological Action of a Steroid Hormone?

Steroid hormones crosses the cell membrane and combines with a protein receptor (in nucleus). The hormone-receptor complex then activates the making of mRNA molecules. The mRNA leaves the nucleus to enter the cytoplasm. Translation of mRNA leads to the synthesis of encoded proteins that are integral to the metabolic response of the cell.

Function of Prolactin

Stimulates milk production in mammary glands

Function of Growth hormone

Stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth throughout the body

Function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates release of hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Function of Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Stimulates thyroid gland

Function of Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction; stimulates myoepithelial cells in mammary glands.

Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) Stimulus for Release

Stimulation from preganglionic sympathetic neurons ACTH

How does a negative feedback mechanism regulate the endocrine system? Use thyroid hormones and cortisol regulation as examples.

T3 and T4 are secreted from the thyroid in response to TSH being secreted by the pituitary gland. The T's speed up the rate at which cells release energy from carbs and determines how many calories the body must consume at rest to sustain life. This is measured as the basal metabolic rate (BMR). When there's too much T3 and T4 circulating, the hypothalamus stops secreting TRH, which in turn inhibits the pituitary from secreting TSH. As Cortisol rises, a few things happen: proteins are inhibited, fatty acids are released and glucose formation is increased. When there's too much Cortisol, this signals the hypothalamus to stop secreting CRH which tells the Ant Pituitary to stop secreting ACTH to the Adrenal cortex.

What is the physiological action of a nonsteroid (amine, peptide or protein) hormone? What are the roles of second messengers?

They bind with a receptor 'binding site' located on the cell membrane. This combination sets off a series of events beginning with the activation of a G protein which turns on the adenylate cyclase molecules located within the cell membrane. The adenylate cyclase converts ATP in Cyclic Amp or cAMP (the second messenger). The Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases, which then activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes. The roles of second messengers are to amplify the cellular response (cascade). Several second messengers can be activated by just a few hormone-receptor complexes.

T3 & T4 are...

Thyroid hormones

Calcitonin

Tones down [Ca2+]; parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

Effector

Triggers a response in its target cells that moves conditions toward the normal range

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) Target Tissues

Tubules of the kidneys

PTH

[Ca2+]; parathyroid gland, chief cells

What Makes up Metabolism?

anabolism + catabolism