Chapter 16

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults

Myxedema

Leptin is secreted by ________. adipose cells lymphocytes fibroblasts goblet cells

adipose cells

One can predict that a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) excessive thirst All of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct

Which hormone aids in water resorption? adrenocorticotropic hormone parathyroid hormone antidiuretic hormone thyroid hormone

antidiuretic hormone

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress. True False

false

Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels? insulin glucagon gastrin somatostatin

glucagon

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following? hypersecretion of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) pancreatic tumor lack of negative feedback by insulin-like growth factors hyposecretion of GH in adulthood

hyposedcretion of GH in adulthood

Melatonin ________. triggers sexual maturation and puberty is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle is at its highest levels at around noon is produced by the parathyroid glands

is responsible for regulation the sleep cycle

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________. nucleotides second messengers deactivating ions calcium

second messengers

Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension. True False

true

Mr. Gutteman's blood and urine tests are negative for glucose and ketones. However, Mr. Gutteman is losing large amounts of water in urine, and the volume lost is being replaced (via IV). Given this new information, Mr. Gutteman's excessive fluid loss in his urine most likely indicates: An increased blood level of aldosterone. A decreased blood level of insulin. A decreased blood level of antidiuretic hormone. An increased blood level of antidiuretic hormone.

A decreased blood level of antidiuretic hormone.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Acromegaly

Part complete Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts? Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High levels of insulin cause up-regulation of insulin receptors. Constantly high blood sugar leads to glucagon release. Glucagon is an antagonist to insulin, leading to a decrease in insulin. Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors. Constantly high blood sugar leads to the release of glucagon. Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis, which makes blood sugar higher.

Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? Addison's disease Cushing's syndrome Graves' disease myxedema

Cushing's syndrome

You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following? congenital hypothyroidism Graves' disease endemic goiter myxedema

Graves' disease

You would expect high levels of blood glucose and the presence of glucose and ketones in Mr. Gutteman's urine if: His pancreas is secreting too little insulin. His liver is secreting too much glucagon. His pancreas is secreting too much insulin. His liver is secreting too little insulin.

His pancreas is secreting too little insulin.

Richard Neis had symptoms of excessive secretion of PTH (high blood calcium levels), and his physicians were certain he had a parathyroid gland tumor. Yet when surgery was performed on his neck, the surgeon could not find the parathyroid glands at all. Where should the surgeon look next to find the tumorous parathyroid gland? The surgeon should check Richard's spinal cavity. The surgeon should check Richard's oral cavity. The surgeon should check Richard's thoracic cavity. The surgeon should check Richard's abdominal cavity.

The surgeon should check Richard's thoracic cavity.

What is the primary function of hormones? function as enzymes that catalyze the breakdown food molecules activate extracellular enzymes act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses

act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body

Which of the following is characteristic of water-soluble hormones? circulating in the blood bound to protein carriers binding to intracellular receptors at their target cells acting through second messengers at their target cells exhibiting a long half-life in the blood

acting through second messengers at their target cells

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? pituitary thyroid adenoid adrenal

adenoid

Secretion of __________ is increased in response to stress. thyroid-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______. apoptosis of parathyroid cells failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone) malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells All of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct

Part complete The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA synthesizing more than one hormone at a time binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______. blood pressure gluconeogenesis plasma glucose levels All of the listed responses are correct.

blood pressure

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Hormones bring about their characteristic effects by altering target cell activity, increasing or decreasing the rates of normal cellular processes. Which of the following is NOT a typical effect brought on by hormones? activating or deactivating enzymes in the target cell changing the structure of the target cell's cytoskeleton stimulating the target cell to divide by mitosis changing permeability of the target cell's plasma membrane stimulating the target cell to secrete a product

changing the structure of the target cell's cytoskelton

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. estrogen testosterone cortisol epinephrine

cortisol

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.

cretinism

Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long-term stress response? impaired immune function elevated blood pressure loss of muscle mass decreased production of glucocorticoids

decreased production of glucocorticoids

Which of the following is not a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? enzymatic neural hormonal humoral

enzymatic

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. True False

false

Aldosterone ________. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood production is greatly influenced by ACTH is secreted by the posterior pituitary functions to increase sodium reabsorption

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? aldosterone glucagon thyroxine insulin

glucagon

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? cortisol parathyroid hormone growth hormone thyroid stimulating hormone

growth hormone

What is directly required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? humoral stimuli neural stimuli hormonal stimuli All of the listed responses are correct.

hormonal stimuli

Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of __________ stimuli for an endocrine gland. neural antagonistic hormonal humoral

humoral

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? hormonal positive neural humoral

humoral

Damage of which of the following brain structures could cause central diabetes insipidus? Cerebrum Pons Hypothalamus Thymus

hypothalamus

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______. triggering the hypersecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones triggering the hyposecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses from the posterior pituitary

interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. the blood vessels the liver and gall bladder liver, bones, and skeletal muscles the thyroid and adrenal glands

liver, bones, and skeletal muscles

Which gland secretes the most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood? thyroid adrenal thymus parathyroid

parathyroid

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. thyroid hormone calcitonin parathyroid hormone gonadotropic hormones

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? polyuria polyphagia polydipsia polycythemia

polycythemia

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? oxytocin progesterone estrogen prolactin

prolactin

Which hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk in nursing mothers? follicle-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone prolactin oxytocin

prolactin

Part complete Oxytocin ________. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism controls milk production is an anterior pituitary secretion exerts its most important effects during menstruation

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Which of the following occurs in situations where different hormones produce the same effects at the same target cell and their combined effects are amplified? summation synergism antagonism permissiveness

synergism

What determines whether a particular cell is able to respond to a hormone? the location of the cell the presence of a specific hormone receptor the structure of the hormone the gland that releases the hormone

the presence of a specific hormone receptor

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones? They are synthesized from cholesterol. They require a receptor in the plasma membrane. They are lipid soluble. They cross the plasma membrane.

they require a receptor in the plasma membrane

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. thymus gland pancreas adrenal medulla thyroid gland

thymus gland

The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________. steroids tropins statins amines

tropins

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Cushing's disease