Chapter 16 HIS 102

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except

women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises.

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

What led René Descartes to his discovery of analytical geometry?

An intellectual vision one night while serving as a soldier

How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the seventeenth century?

The new science had few practical economic applications.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to

popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

a conspiracy led by her lover.

In the Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.

The scientific revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except

efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by

issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

How did the governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.