Chapter 16 mgt 330

The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with _____.

Alderfer

_____ influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work.

All of these

Kara and Simon are both middle managers at Gotcha International. Kara is dissatisfied because she knows that Simon makes more in salary even though, in Kara's opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Kara wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what should she do?

All of these.

Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification?

Avoidance learning

Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement?

Avoidance learning

Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one's peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?

Belongingness needs

Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?

Change Equity

Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity?

Changing perceptions

Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the same amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity?

Changing work effort

Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?

Compensation needs

Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?

Content

_____ is an important part of the job characteristics model.

Critical psychological states

The _____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.

E -> P expectancy

_____ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization.

Empowerment

_____ is a situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.

Engagement

_____ theory deals with employee's perception of fairness.

Equity

Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation?

Equity theory

Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs?

Esteem

Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes?

Expectancy theory

One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team's work with jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool?

Extinction

Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated?

Extinction

Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future?

Extinction

In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement?

Feedback

_____ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her performance.

Feedback

Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?

Goal difficulty

Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory?

Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators

Alden is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his university's career resources office recently told Alden that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Alden pursue?

He should think about starting his own business.

Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence?

Hierarchy of needs theory

Which of the following is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs?

Hierarchy of needs theory

The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?

Increase the level of motivators

Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction?

Job design

Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?

Job enlargement

Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee's opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?

Job enrichment

_____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.

Job rotation

Ricky is a manager at InfoServices, where she rewards the top sales employee every month by giving him or her a high-definition TV or PC. This is an example of what employee motivation program?

Lifestyle award

Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior?

Motivation

Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth?

Motivators

_____ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction.

Motivators

Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job?

None of these

Tim is a manager at Chuck's Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck's Construction, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim?

P -> O expectancy

_____ describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen.

Physiological needs

Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior?

Positive reinforcement

Which of the following theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior?

Process

One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?

Punishment

_____ is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.

Punishment

_____ focus on employee learning of desired work behaviors.

Reinforcement theories

Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors?

Reinforcement theory

Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?

Reinforcement theory

_____ is an individual's belief about his or her abilities to successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Self-efficacy

On the continuum of empowerment, what is the highest level of empowerment that requires the most complex skills?

Self-management

Which theory proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from the person's thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of other people's behavior?

Social learning theory

Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?

Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.

Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending?

Task identity

Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbi?

Valence

Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome?

Valence

_____ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them

Vicarious learning

The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes:

a need for affiliation.

Empowering employees means giving employees _____.

all of these

On the continuum of empowerment, employees who are self-managed:

are responsible for decision process and strategy.

The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as:

avoidance learning.

A recent study from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason that people leave their jobs is because they:

don't feel appreciated.

A(n)_____ is an example of an intrinsic reward.

employee's feelings of self-worth

The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as:

empowerment.

Carla's subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness, connection, and growth. This is an example of employee:

engagement.

Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as _____ needs.

existence

A(n)_____ refers to a reward given by another person.

extrinsic reward

Katie dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Mace Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Katie is motivated by:

extrinsic rewards.

In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the idea that employees have to "buy into" the goals.

goal acceptance

In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous.

goal specificity

Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow's leaders. Sally is motivated by:

intrinsic rewards.

A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as:

job enrichment.

Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity. He should try:

job rotation

The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with:

knowledge of actual results.

Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as her:

need for power.

According to Herzberg, _____ is an example of a hygiene factor.

pay

Bruce publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Bruce hopes this will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of:

positive reinforcement

A high need for _____ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland.

power

Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as:

process theories.

Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by:

relatedness needs

According to Maslow, the highest order needs are:

self-actualization needs.

While job ____ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational technique.

simplification

The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham's model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as:

skill variety.

The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to as:

task significance

At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of:

vicarious learning