Chapter 16 Multiple Choice

[1] carry afferent signals from the sensory receptor to the CNS. [2] carry afferent signals from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. [3] carry sensory information from the CNS to the thalamus. a) First order neurons b) Second order neurons c) Third order neurons d) Preganglionic neurons e) Motor neurons f) Postganglionic neurons g) Efferent neurons

1 - a) First order neurons 2 - c) Third order neurons 3 - b) second order neurons

Corticospinal pathways that decussate in the [1] form the [2]. Corticospinal pathways that do not decussate form the [3]? a) Medulla oblongata b) Pons c) Thalamus d) Midbrain e) Anterior corticospinal tract f) Indirect motor pathway g) Lateral corticospinal tract

1 - a) Medulla Oblongata 2 - g) lateral corticospinal tract 3 - Anterior corticospinal tract

[1] motor neurons innervate [2] muscle fibers, which surround muscle spindles. a) Alpha b) Beta c) Gamma d) Delta e) intrafusal f) extrafusal

1 - a) alpha 2 - f) extrafusal

The [1] contains the cold thermoreceptors and the [2] contains warm thermoreceptors. a) dermis b) stratum basale c) stratum corneum d) stratum granulosum e) stratum lucidum

1 - a) stratum basale 2 - a) dermis

The [1] pathway is important for movements on opposite sides of the body for distal and proximal portions of the limbs. The [2] pathway conveys nerve impulses for precise movements of the head and neck. The [3] pathway conveys impulses from the red nucleus that help with precise movements of distal portions of upper limbs. The [4] pathway relays information for ipsilateral movements pertaining to posture and balance relating to the head. The [5] pathway relays impulses to ipsilateral muscles to maintain posture and muscle tone in relationship to walking. a) corticobulbar b) corticospinal c) reticulospinal d) rubrospinal e) tectospinal f) vestibulospinal

1 - b) corticospinal 2 - a) corticobulbar 3 - d) rubrospinal 4 - f) vestibulospinal 5 - c) reticulospinal

Sensory neurons in the muscle spindle are activated during muscle [1]. Activation of gamma motor neurons in the muscle spindle cause [2] of intrafusal muscle fibers. a) muscle contraction b) muscle stretch

1 - b) muscle stretch 2 - a) muscle contraction

After the sensory neurons of a somatosensory pathway enter the dorsal root, the [1] extend from the posterior gray horn of the spinal cord and synapse with [2] in the thalamus. a) first order neurons b) second order neurons c) third order neurons d) preganglionic neurons e) motor neurons f) postganglionic neurons g) efferent neurons

1 - b) second order neurons 2 - c) third order neurons

As you extend your arm, two tracts work together to maintain posture and muscle tone. Muscles in your proximal limb will be excited by the [1 and inhibited by the [2]. a) corticobulbar tract b) lateral reticulosppinal tract c) medial reticulospinal tract d) rubrospinal tract e) tectospinal tract f) vestibulospinal tract

1 - c) medial reticulospinal tract 2 - b) lateral reticulospinal tract

The [1] conveys impulses for pain, temperature, tickle and itch. The [2] conveys impulses for conscious proprioception, pressure and vibration from the lower half of the body, while the [3] conveys the same impulses from the upper half of the body. The [4] conveys impulses for subconscious proprioception. a) cuneate fasciculus b) gracile fasciculus c) spinothalamic tract d) spinoreticular tract e) spinocerebellar tract f) trigeminothalamic tract

1 - c) spinothalamic tract 2 - b) gracile fasciculus 3 - a) cuneate fasciculus 4 - e) spinocerebellar tract

[1] are activated by an increase in tendon tension. [2] detect deep pressure and vibration. [3] are activated by low frequency vibrations. a) Corpuscle of touch b) Lamellated corpuscle c) Merkel cell d) Muscle spindle e) Tendon organ

1 - e) tendon organ 2 - b) lamellated corpuscle 3 - a) corpuscle of touch

Which statements describe proprioception? Select all that apply. a) Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects. b) Proprioceptors are slowly adapting receptors. c) Proprioceptors are embedded in muscles and tendons d) Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other. e) Proprioceptive sensations are used to activate the nervous system in response to threatening situations. f) Proprioceptive sensations only allow you to know the positon of body parts when looking at the part

a) b) c) d)

Choose the correct sequence of events for the control of body movement. 1. stimulation of upper motor neurons 2. descending tracts 3. beginning of voluntary movement 4. skeletal muscle contraction 5. stimulation of lower motor neurons 6. cerebral cortex's premotor areas a) 3, 6, 1, 2, 5, 4 b) 4, 5, 2, 1, 6, 3 c) 2, 3, 1, 5, 6, 4 d) 3, 1, 6, 5, 2, 4 e) 1, 3, 4, 2, 6, 5

a) 3, 6, 1, 2, 5, 4

Which receptors fire at the onset and the offset of stimulation? Select all that apply. a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) b) Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d)Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) e) Hair root plexus f) Joint kinesthetic receptors g) Tendon organ

a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle e) Hair root plexus f) Joint kinesthetic receptors

The red nucleus sends signals along the ______tract, which activates _____movements of skeletal muscles in the distal parts of only the upper limbs. a) Rubrospinal tract; precise b) Tectospinal tract; precise c) Corticospinal tract; precise d) Rubrospinal tract; broad e) Corticospinal tract; broad

a) Rubrospinal tract; precise

Which proteins can activate free nerve endings, such as itch receptors and nociceptors? Select all that apply. a) kinins b) antigens c) histamines d) potassium ions e) prostaglandins f) acetylcholine g) glucose

a) kinins b) antigens c) histamines d) potassium ions e) prostaglandins

The cell bodies for _____ are found in the anterior gray horns and cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem. The cell bodies for _____ are found in the cerebral cortex. a) lower motor neurons; upper motor neurons. b) upper motor neurons; lower motor neurons c) upper motor neurons; middle motor neurons d) middle motor neurons; upper motor neurons e)lower motor neurons; middle motor neurons

a) lower motor neurons; upper motor neurons.

Which disorder is characterized by involuntary periods of sleep that occur throughout the day? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

a) narcolepsy

The first-order neurons in the trigeminothalamic pathway synapse with second-order neurons in the ____. a) pons and medulla oblongata b) pons and midbrain c) medulla oblongata and midbrain d) thalamus and medulla oblongata e) pons and thalamus

a) pons and medulla oblongata

You have a pillow in one hand and are about to pick up your Anatomy and Physiology textbook. What receptor will help determine the muscular effort needed for these two objects? a) proprioceptors b) nociceptors c) mechanoreceptors d) chemoreceptors e) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

a) proprioceptors

A loud noise startles you during an exam so you turn to look in the direction from which it originated. The ______receives input for visual stimuli and input for auditory stimuli via connections to the _____ before sending action potentials along the ______tract. a) superior colliculus; inferior colliculus; tectospinal tract b) inferior colliculus; superior colliculus; tectospinal tract c) superior colliculus; inferior colliculus; rubrospinal tract d) inferior colliculus; superior colliculus; rubrospinal tract

a) superior colliculus; inferior colliculus; tectospinal tract

If spinal cord injury occurred to the spinothalamic tract, a) Ipsilateral cutaneous sensations would be lost b) Contralateral cutaneous sensations would be lost c) Ipsilateral proprioception sensations would be lost d) Contralateral proprioception sensations would be lost

b) Contralateral cutaneous sensations would be lost

The cerebellum, premotor cortex and basal nuclei are involved in a) explicit memory b) implicit memory c) long term memory d) memory consolidation e) short term memory

b) Implicit memory

You are playing outside in -9° C (15° F). Why do you feel sharp pains in your hands when you grab material. a) Cold receptors are found throughout the entire dermis. b) Pain receptors are stimulated by extreme temperatures. c) Cold receptors only work between 30-45° C. d) Pain and cold receptors are the same free nerve ending. e) Cold receptors halt sending signals after the initial stimulus

b) Pain receptors are stimulated by extreme temperatures

The sensory homunculus appears distorted in the face and hands because it is a representation of the amount of a) motor neurons for those body areas b) sensory neurons for those body areas c) prefrontal cortex dedicated to those body areas d) precentral gyrus dedicated to those body areas

b) Sensory neurons for those body areas

Which receptor fires continuously as long as a stimulation is applied? Select all that apply. a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) b) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d) Hair root receptor e) Photoreceptor f) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) g) thermoreceptor h) muscle spindles

b) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) f)Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) g) thermoreceptor h) muscle spindles

The descending pathway a) controls sensory functions. b) consists of upper and lower motor neurons. c) consists of neurons located completely within the spinal cord. d) begins in the spinal cord and ends in the brain. e) is only involved with involuntary muscle movements.

b) consists of upper and lower motor neurons

Which disorder is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and staying asleep? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

b) insomnia

Sharp pains occurring at the tip of the xiphoid process of the sternum can be an indication of visceral pain in what organs? Select all that apply. a) heart b) pancreas c) gallbladder d) liver e) ovary f) small intestine g) stomach

b) pancreas c) gallbladder g) stomach

In the trigeminothalamic pathway, first-order neuron's cell bodies are located in the a) posterior root ganglia b) trigeminal ganglia c) pons d) posterior gray horn e) ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

b) trigeminal ganglia

An individual with ovarian cysts, will have referred pain around their a) lumbar marking b) umbilical marking c) areolar marking d) axillary marking e) inguinal marking

b) umbilical marking

A disorder that affects the basal nuclei would have what affect? a) loss of memory b) total loss of muscle tone c) shaking of hands d) loss of sensation e) loss of speech

c) Shaking of hands

Which disorder is characterized by a person's breathing repeatedly stopping for 10 or more seconds while sleeping? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

c) sleep apnea

____ would detect irritation on the skin if you didn't wear gloves while cleaning with bleach. a) Photoreceptors b) Mechanoreceptors c) Proprioceptors d) Nociceptors e) Thermoreceptors

d) Nociceptors

You are presented with this information for a clinical case study. These statements describe what stage of sleep? 1. Decreased heart rate. 2. Decreased blood pressure. 3. Skeletal muscle tone decreases. a) Stage 1 NREM b) Stage 2 NREM c) Stage 3 NREM d) Stage 4 NREM e) REM

d) Stage 4 NREM

A soccer ball was hit your way. You see the area you want to kick it to at the same time you are preparing to plant your foot and kick the ball. What area allows you to compare intended movement with the actual movement? a) cerebral cortex b) medulla oblongata c) midbrain d) cerebellum e) thalamus

d) cerebellum

Which condition is a state of unconsciousness in which a person's responses to stimuli are reduced or absent? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

d) coma

A first-order neuron of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway from the arm joins other axons to form the posterior column in the spinal column. It would synapse with second-order neuron cell bodies located in the _____. a) gracile fasciculus b) cuneate fasciculus c) dorsal gray horn d) cuneate nucleus e) gracile nucleus

d) cuneate nucleus

Which of the following are correct about muscle spindles? Select all that apply. a) detect tension applied to a tendon b) detect changes in muscle tension c) perceive cutaneous sensations d) detect changes in muscle length e) monitor muscle fatigue f) participate in stretch reflexes

d) detect changes in muscle length f) participate in stretch reflexes

An individual with damage to their hippocampus may struggle with a) explicit memory. b) implicit memory. c) long term memory. d) memory consolidation. e) short term memory.

d) memory consolidation

When distinguishing among the somatic pathways based on its name, one that begins with "spino-", will a) start in the spinal cord and terminate in the brain, carrying motor information. b) start in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord, carrying sensory information. c) start in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord, carrying motor information. d) start in the spinal cord and terminate in the brain, carrying sensory information.

d) start in the spinal cord and terminate in the brain, carrying sensory information

Infants spend approximately 50% of their sleeping time in a) stage one NREM sleep. b) stage two NREM sleep. c) stage three NREM sleep. d) stage four NREM sleep. e) REM sleep.

e) REM sleep

All of the following result from some form of malfunction by the basal nuclei EXCEPT a) Huntington's disease. b) Parkinson's disease. c) Tourette's syndrome. d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder. e) Synesthesia.

e) Synesthesia

Which condition is characterized by a lack of memory for events occurring after the trauma or disease that caused the condition? a) narcolepsy b) retrograde amnesia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) anterograde amnesia

e) anterograde amnesia

The corticobulbar pathway synapses with lower motor neurons in nuclei of which cranial nerves? Select all that apply. a) II b) III c) IV d) V e) VI f) VII g) VIII h) IX i) XI j) XII k) all of these

k) all of these