Chapter 16- Protestant Reformation

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

Lutheranism

the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

What is an indulgence?

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

When did the pope excommunicate Luther?

1521

Where did Luther post his 95 Theses?

Castle Church in Wittenberg

How is Luther's doctrine of salvation summarized?

Faith alone

What did Erasmus think about external forms of medieval religion?

He believe that they were not that important and took away from the true religion.

When did Luther post his 95 Theses?

October 31, 1517

Why was the Bible the fundamental work of Christianity to early Protestants such as Luther?

The Bible was the fundamental work of Christianity to early protestants because humans believe that if people read it, they would feel more religious. As a result, the church and society would reform.

Which edict made Luther an outlaw?

The Edict of Worms

Indulgence

A release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death

What was Calvin's idea of predestination?

Calvin believe that God has already determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. His belief in predestination gave him the conviction that he was doing God's work on earth.

Who was the best-known Christian humanist?

Desiderius Erasmus

What did the term ghetto mean during the reformation? What does ghetto mean today? What are the similarities between the past and present meanings of ghetto?

During the reformation ghettos were a district in a city where Jews were required to live. Now a ghetto is a section of a city densely populated by members of minorities (particularly ethnic) often because of social pressure or money problems. They are similar because they weren't an ideal area to live in mainly ethnic minorities inhabited them.

How did Luther 's new doctrine of salvation differ from the Catholic Church's teachings on salvation?

He said that it is faith alone and not good works that bring you salvation.

Why was King Henry VIII's request to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled so controversial? How did the pope's refusal lead to the creation of the church of England?

His request was so controversial because Henry lied about Catherine's virginity. The pope's refusal led to The break with the pope and Catholic Church. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared that the king had the most power of the church of England.

When and why did religious warfare end in Germany?

In 1555, with the Peace of Augsburg

How did Lutheranism become a revolution in the early 16th century?

Luther gained the support of many of the German rulers among the approximately 300 states that made up the holy Roman empire. The rulers took control of the Catholic Church and formed state churches supervised by the government.

What satire did Erasmus write?

The Praise of Folly

What was the major goal of Christian humanism? What did its followers believe?

The major goal of Christian humanism was the reform of the Catholic Church- its followers believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves.

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed, it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.

Salvation

The state of being saved through faith alone or through faith and good works

What did reformers such as Martin Luther find troubling and corrupt about the Catholic Church practice of selling indulgences?

They found it troubling and corrupt for the church to sell indulgences because they believe that indulgences only soothe the conscience, not forgive sins.

Justification by faith became the chief teaching of the reformation, and both Luther and Calvin believed in this doctrine. Briefly explain the doctrine of justification.

You can ask God yourself to forgive you, not do everything the church tells you to do.