Chapter 16 Review

Peter created the largest standing army in Europe, built a world class navy from scratch, and set out to extend Russian borders to the West and South. (NO ANSWER)

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May 1618- The Demonstration of Prague- *CHECK*

a few rebel Protestant noblemen tossed royal officials out of a castle window

Boyar:

a landowning noble

When did Peter the Great take the throne?

-1682 -he was 10 years old -Took control of the government in 1689

Peter the Great:

A Russian tsar who took control of government in 1689 and used his power to modernize Russia

Warm-water port:

a port that is free of ice all year

Mercenary:

a soldier for hire

How did Peter strengthen serfdom?

By passing laws ensuring that nobles retained control over their lands including serfs on the lands. He did this because he know nobles would only serve the state if their own interests were being protected - serfdom spread in Russia after dying out in Western Europe - forced some serfs to become soldiers or to work as laborers on canals, roads, other government projects.

Prussia:

a strong military state that emerged in central Europe in the late 1600s

Catherine the great reorganized the provincial government, codified laws, began state sponsored education for both boys and girls, embraced western ideas, and worked to bring Russia fully into European cultural and political life.

Catherine the Great led the Enlightenment, encouraged french language and customs at court, and wrote histories and plays

to avoid fighting, three monarchs agreed in 1772 to partition Poland

Catherine took part of Eastern Poland. Frederick and Joseph took control of Polish territory in the west

in 1700, Peter began a war with Sweden, which dominated the Baltic region

Early on, Russia suffered defeats

Peter imported western tech, improved education, simplified the Russian alphabet, and set up academies for the study of mathematics, science, and engineering.

He adopted mercantilist policies, such as encouraging exports, to pay for his reforms. - Peter improved waterways and canals, developed mining and textile manufacturing, and backed new trading companies.

Poland later reappeared as a free state in 1919.

Mid 1700s- absolute monarchs ruled 4/5 of the leading countries in Europe. Britain, with it's Parliament, was the exeption.

in the 1770s, Catherine the Great, King Frederick II of Prussia, and Emperor Joseph II of Austria eyed Poland.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's rulers were not able to centralize power or diminish the Polish nobility. The divided Polish government wasn't prepared to stand up to the increasing might of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

Germany was divided

Protestant- North Catholic- South

Frederick William I:

Prussian ruler who came to power in 1713 and gained the loyalty of the Prussian nobles to increase his control of the state.

Catherine the Great:

Russian empress as of 1762 who embraced Western ideas and ruled as an absolute monarch

early 1700s, Peter hired Danish navigator VItus Bering to explore what became known as the Bering Strait btwn Siberia and Alaska.

Russian traders built outposts in Alaska and northern California. Few Russians moved east of the Ural mountains at the time, but expansion made Russia the largest country in the world (still is 300 years later)

Peter died without an heir and without naming a successor

The Romanov family had provided the tsars since the early 1600s. Catherine the Great took control

War of the Austrian Succession:

an eight year war that broke out when Frederick of Prussia seized the Hapsburg province of Silesia

The thirty years' war is a series of wars

began in Bohemia (present day Czech Republic) Ferdinand sought to supress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles

Catherine the Great was a german princess by birth

came to russia at the age of 15 to marry the heir to the throne 1762 a group of russian officials loyal to her murdered her mentally unstable husband, Tsar Peter II

St. Petersburg:

capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703

Maria Theresa:

daughter of Charles VI, who succeeded him and ruled Hapsburg lands during the War of the Austrian Succession

Partition:

divide up

Peter died in 1725

he had expanded Russian territory, gained ports on the Baltic sea, created a large army, ended Russia's long period of isolation, used terror to enforce absolute power, and contributed to serfdom. His contributions to serfdom widened the gap between Russia and the West that he looked to narrow

Peter the Great had no mercy for people who resisted the new order

he had more than 1000 rebels executed when palace guards revolted, and he left their corpses outside the palace walls for months as an example of his power

Poland further partitioned in 1793.

in 1795, Austria, Prussia, and Russia each took their final slices of Poland and Poland vanished from the map

in 1709, they defeated the Swedes and won territory along the Baltic Sea

on the land won from Sweden, Peter built St. Petersburg on the Baltic coast along the Neva river. He forced serfs to drain the swamps, and invited Italian architects and artisans to design palaces in western style. *Just like Versailles was a monument to French absolutism, St. Petersburg became a symbol of Peter's effort to modernize Russia.*

depopulation:

reduction in population

Autocratic:

ruling with unlimited authority

Peace of Westphalia:

series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War

What was the Holy Roman empire made up of by the 1700s?

several hundred small separate states. - the emperors of the states had little power over them because of rival princes. This power vacuum contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.

Catherine the Great repressed serfs who rebelled against the burdens of serfdom

she forced many peasants into serfdom, and waged the Russo-Turkish war against the Ottoman Empire, which gained her a warm water port on the Black Sea in 1774

Catherine the Great was an absolute monarch

she granted charter to boyars outlining rights, such as exemption from taxes. She allowed them to increase their stranglehold on peasants

Frederick II:

son of Frederick William who became king of Prussia in 1740 and seized Silesia from Austria, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession

Ferdinand:

the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia

Westernization:

the adoption of Western ideas, technology, and culture

Elector:

title of each of the seven leading German princes who chose the Holy Roman emperor within the seventeenth century

Peter wanted to strengthen the military, expand Russian borders, and centralize royal power.

to achieve this, he brought all Russian institutions under his control, including the Russian Orthodox Church. -forced boyars to serve the state in civilian or military positions, and made them shave their beards -held parties where women and men were expected to dance together to end the practice of secluding upper class women in separate quarters.

Why did Peter want a warm water port?

to increase Russia's trade with the west Battled the Ottomans for a warm water port in the Black Sea, but did not gain the port Catherine the Great was the one who got a warm water port before the century ended.

Peter set out to learn about Western ways for himself in 1697

was impressed by Parliament in England. -said " it is good to hear subjects speaking truthfully and openly to their king." -He became the most autocratic of Europe's absolute monarchs to impose his will