Chapter 16: The Renaissance
What do the paintings in the prayer book constructed from the Limbourg Brothers' paintings represent?
A calender illustrated with activities of the wealthy and peasants
Why did Protestants view religious images with hostility?
The images encouraged idol worship.
The Renaissance artist ______ created works, such as Primavera, from stories about Greek and Roman gods and goddesses.
Botticelli
Which characteristics does NOT define Mannerist style?
Classical and mathematical with restrained emotion
Which is NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance style?
Complex, abstract forms that represent an idea rather than an observed form
The Early Renaissance in Italy produced a well-known sculptor named Donatello. What is one of the works he created?
David
What technique did Michelangelo use to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?
Fresco
How does Sonfonisba Anguissola's painting of The Self-Portrait at the Easel portray characteristics of Mannerism?
It had elongated bodies with a questionable meaning.
What is significant about the subject matter of Sandro Botticelli's Primavera?
It illustrates a renewed interest in Greek and Roman mythology.
What is the accepted interpretation of the lute with a broken string depicted in Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors?
It represents discord, which ties to the recent Protestant Reformation.
What statements describe the philosophy of humanism?
It revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman scholars. It focused on the abilities and accomplishments of mankind.
What aspects are unusual about Sandro Botticelli's Primavera when it was created?
It uses unusual linear style and shallow modeling. It displayed nude figures that were not seen at the time.
Referred to as the "Renaissance man," someone who could do anything, which artist produced the masterpiece The Last Supper?
Leonardo
In The Last Supper, what technique did Leonardo use to organize the realistic figures and show deep space?
One-point linear perspective
True or False: Macaccio used linear perspective in order to show architectural space for the figures in Trinity with the Virgin.
True
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa are employs ______ technique to create a smoky and gentle hazy atmosphere with softened contours.
sfumato
In Giorgione's Adoration of the Shepherds, what element is emphasized with Joseph's head and body?
Light
In Agnolo Bronzino's Allegory, Venus and Cupid are in the foreground, as mother and son, and suggests an unusual relationship. The elongated and S-shaped poses are reflective of
mannerism
Agnolo Bronzino's painting Allegory ("Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time") demonstrates what Mannerist traits?
A forbidden or erotic undercurrent Shallow, compressed, or illogical space Fondness for elaborate or obscure subject matter Elongated forms and twisted poses Classical subject matter and symbols
What is the diagonal shape at the bottom of Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors, and what does it represent?
A skull representing that everyone dies
Why did the Church of Rome strike back against the Protestant Reformation movement in Northern Europe and begin the Catholic Counter-Reformation movement in the second half of the 16th century?
The Catholic Counter-Reformation movement focused on southern Europe in hopes that they would not lose more parishioners. The Protestant Reformation movement drew large numbers of people away from the Roman Catholic Church.
Characteristics of the Renaissance style:
- A new interest in observing the natural world and reproducing it as accurately as possible Rationale: This was a big innovation in Renaissance painting, incorporating the natural world into religious paintings. - Use of chiaroscuro to render forms in space as they would appear in time and space Rationale: The technique of chiaroscuro was invented and often employed during the Renaissance.
Many Renaissance artists began sculptural works by creating figure out of clay, they then draped clay-soaked fabric over the figure. After the clay dried they used the resulting model as the basis for a final marble copy. Which Renaissance artist may have invented that technique?
Donatello
In what ways can scholars tell that Rogier van der Weyden's St. Luke Drawing the Virgin is, at least in part, a painting about looking?
Everyone in the painting in act of looking at something The artist's careful rendering of precise detail
The Limbourg Brothers' February from Les Tréss RIches Heures du Duc de Berry shows enormous surface detail in their work. What does this detail indicate?
How important creating details of the visible world had become in the late Middle Ages
Which statements apply to Venetian painter Tintoretto's The Last Supper?
In order to focus on Christ's position, less focus was placed on the halos of the disciples which was in the distance. The artist uses a diagonal line of the table to move our eyes toward Christ.
Why is The Last Supper by Tintoretto considered an excellent example of Counter-Reformation artwork?
It conforms to the teachings of the Church.
A style of art prevalent after the High Renaissance in Italy is known today as ______.
Mannerism
An artistic trend reflected in a fondness for elaborate or obscure subject matter in which critics described as a negative reaction against the balance and order used in the Renaissance is _____
Mannerism
In Agnolo Bronzino's Allegory, Venus and Cupid are in the foreground, as mother and son, and suggests an unusual relationship. The elongated and S-shaped poses are reflective of _____.
Mannerist or Mannerism
The High Renaissance occurred during from 1500 to 1520. Who are two of the most famous High Renaissance artists?
Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci
During the Renaissance, in order to promote the family, along with the safety of their lineage, _____ were used.
portraits
What Northern Renaissance quality is evident in the Limbourg Brothers' Les Très Riches Heures which dates from the late Middle Ages?
Careful attention to detail
Appearances of sculptures changed during the Renaissance beginning with Donatello, a first generation Renaissance artist. Gothic sculptors carved exactly what they saw from the model's face, clothing and limbs. Donatello thought that the nude body must be considered first in order to provide a framework for the piece. What did this process involve?
Carving a body in clay and draping clay-soaked linen over it, arranging the folds as the fabric dried
Matthias Grunewald's depiction of the Crucifixion is in keeping with the Northern common tradition of showing extreme agony, which is shown through what means?
Christ's hands are reaching outward in an effort to relieve the pain. Christ's feet are bent inward as if to relieve the pressure of the hanging body. Mary Magdalene is weeping.
To accurately portray the human body, what did some artists do to study human form?
Dissected cadavers
What main purposes did the Limbourgs' illuminated prayer book known as Les Très Riches Heures serve?
Daily devotion Lives of nobility and peasantry
Upon entering Santa Maria Novella, in Florence and seeing Masaccio's Trinity and the Virgin, what illusions are present?
Due to Masaccio's using a vanishing point in his composition, the illusion of actually viewing this sacred scene in person seems a reality. Masaccio has created the illusion that the sacred scene is really present before them by using linear perspective.
Due to the Protestant Reformation, what subjects became popular in painting?
Everyday world Landscape
True or false: The Renaissance was a single unified period in European art. It started in Italy and then spread rapidly spread over the Alps where Northern artists followed suit in exploring their classical past.
False
Considered by many to represent the summation of Renaissance art, Raphael's The School of Athens portrays Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. How did Raphael create these idealized figures?
Full bodied and dynamic More perfect than life
Why is the Creation of Adam of the Sistine Chapel noteworthy?
It hinted at, rather than showed, the consummation.
Why did the Counter-Reformation Catholic church see art as one of their strongest weapons?
It understood arts ability to engage the emotions and intellect of the faithful.
The Medici circle appreciated Botticelli's unusual linear style and shallow modeling. What was the Medici circle, and why were they important?
It was a group of humanist scholars and artists who met to discuss Classical culture and its relationship to Christianity. Due to this group's reconciliation, a new philosophy arose called Neo-Platonism, after the Greek philosopher Plato.
In what ways does Tintoretto use the effect of light to aide in visually telling the story of The Last Supper?
Judas emits no light of understanding. The illusionary angels above have a soft reflective light illuminating from the opening of heavens. Light tells us the relative saintliness of the figures. Christ has the largest bright halo with the lesser apostles emitting a lesser glow
The plan of Leon Battista Alberti's church Sant'Andrea in Mantua recalls examples found in the architecture of which ancient culture?
Rome
Leon Battista Alberti designed the interior of which church?
Sant'Andrea Mantua
In interpreting Mannerism artist Agnolo Bronzino's painting Allegory, in what ways was the work considered unsettling?
Scholars were unable to interpret it due to the large amount of people in the scene. Venus and Cupid were also mother and son. Their relationship with each other is unusual. Their bodies are intertwined with each other.
Why did Italy emerge as the home of the Renaissance?
The Middle Ages brought chaos to many areas. Italy economy was one of the first to recover. Banking had developed due to power city-states which engaged in extensive trade. An important part of the arts was the Church which was centered around Italy.
What period of art history is most closely associated with a revived interest in the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome?
The Renaissance
How does Donatello's David show the celebration of the new era in its style?
The full round male nude body stands in contrapposto and is in perfect proportion. David's stern face and body are expressive and shows confidence. The new style reflected ancient Roman and Greek art to be full round and naturally proportioned. This reflects the new style.
How were portraits, such as Leonardo's Mona Lisa, instrumental in aiding the family line?
The portraits of women represented their wealth, beauty, good nature and hints of the babies she may produce.
How does Tintoretto's painting The Last Supper draw the focus of the viewer to Christ?
There is a dramatic diagonal line created by the table which leads the viewers eyes toward Christ, who stands near the center.
In what ways is Michelangelo's David different from ancient Greek and Roman sculpture?
There is tension and energy. Vast knowledge of human anatomy is displayed. Expression is communicated on the face.
What characteristics in Bronzino's Allegory, made it difficult for scholars to understand the allegory taking place?
There was a forbidden undertone in the painting. Venus and Cupid were mother and son, yet the interactions suggested a different relationship. There were too many figures in the artwork doing different things that were unusual, as in a man grabbing his head and a girl holding a sponge.
What demands did the Counter-Reformation reformers make of artists?
They insisted that every depiction of scared subject matter conform exactly to Church teachings. They demanded that compositions be arranged to make the lessons of Church teachings immediately evident.
During the Renaissance, what response did works of art with Classical Greek and Roman subject matter receive?
They were especially popular and were commissioned for both secular and religious spaces.
True or false: As a result of Donatello's method of draping the nude figure, the piece of art appeared naturalistic and might move if the sculpture moved.
True
How was Raphael able to reflect the worldly splendor of the Church in Rome?
With painted fabric, jewelry, family symbols
