Chapter 16 (The Revolutions of 1848)

National Workshops

This was the group that gave work to the unemployed and largely just for the purpose of creating work, they built roads and fortifications for low wages. The poor harvests and bad economy made them more popular, and by June of 1848, 120,000 were in the workshops, and 80,000 still wanted to join.

Montagnards

members of the radical faction within the Jacobin party who advocated the centalization of state power during the French Revolution and instituted the Reign of Terror

Falloux Law

1850. A law that put all education in the hands and under the supervision of the French Catholic clergy and church.

June Days

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism.-Also with the June Days it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.

Second French Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III)

After the February Revolution in Paris in 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected President in France simply on the basis of name recognition among the newly enfranchised voters. He soon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. France prospered under him for two decades.

Roman Republic

Existed from 509 BCE to about 27 BCE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Lajos Kossuth

Hungarian aristocrat who campaigned for a separate Hungarian parliament and brought politics to the people; was sent into exile when Russia helped the Austrian Emperor put down revolts.

Frederick William IV

King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848 (1840-1861)

Kleindeutsch vs Grossdeutsch

Kleindeutsch: Meaning "small German". The argument that the German speaking portions of the Habsburg empire should be excluded from a United Germany. Grossdeutsch: Meaning "large German". The argument that the German speaking portion of the Habsburg empire be included in a united Germany.

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Military leader whose Red Shirt army liberated most of southern Italy, before conquering the northern section. He was instrumental in the unification of Italy.

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary

Liberals

People who support Liberalism; a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.[1][2][3] Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas and programmes such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, gender equality, and international cooperation

The Humiliation of Olmutz

Prussian Erfut union destroyed, 1851 German confederation was restored, Prussia and Austria allied, However prompts the eventual 'Blood and Iron' speech by Bismarck in 1856.

Robot

System of forced labor used in eastern Europe. Peasants usually owed three or four days a week of forced labor. The system was abolished in 1848.

The Battle of Custoza

The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848 during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire

Frankfurt Parliament

Unsuccessful attempt to unify Germany in 1848. It intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a unified Germany, but alienated conservatives, workers and liberals.

The Basic Rights of the Germany People

a set of rights guaranteed to everyone in Germany and partially to German people only through their Federal Constitution, the Grundgesetz and the constitutions of some of the States of Germany.

Conservatives

they upheld the idea of a limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government and to keep order ; sat on the right side of the hall

Radicals

those who favor extreme change

Pan-Slav Congress

took place in Prague between June 2 and June 12, 1848. It was first occasion on which voices from all Slav populations of Europe were heard in one place.