Chapter 16

Which hormone specifically targets cells that produce hormones that affect glucose metabolism?

ACTH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following is an effect of renin released by endocrine cells in the kidney?

ADH secretion

Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Addison disease

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,

All of the above ( blood glucose levels are very high, glucose is present in the urine in large amounts, a large excretion of urine occurs

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

All of the above (FSH,TSH, LH, GH)

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

All of the above (blood level of an ion-like potassium, blood level of glucose, blood level of a hormone, nervous stimuli)

Hormones can operate on the _____ level of organization.

All of the above (cellular, tissue, organ, organismic)

Inadequate iodine in the diet my lead to

All of the above (hypothyroidism, cretinism, goiter, high blood levels of TSH)

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the following?

All of the above (increased blood levels of renin, elevated blood levels of angiotensin, increased blood levels of erythropoietin)

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

All of the above (increased oxygen consumption, increased heart rate, increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation, increased body temperature)

Proper growth requires which of these hormones?

All of the above (thyroid hormone, calcitriol, insulin, growth hormone)

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

IP3

Which endocrine effect on normal growth is correct?

If thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or the first year of life, the nervous system will not develop normally, and mental retardation will result

Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood?

Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside

Which is a characteristic of the exhaustion phase of the stress response?

The adrenal cortex stops producing glucocorticoids

Which statement regarding thyroid hormones is true?

The bloodstream normally contains more than a week's supply of the thyroid hormones

Choose the correct statement regarding the mechanism of interaction for steroid hormones.

The hormones diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Prostaglandins are examples of which type of hormones?

eicosanoids

The resistance phase of the stress response involves:

elevation of blood glucose concentrations

In which mechanism of intercellular communication are target cells primarily in other tissues and organs, and must have appropriate receptors?

endocrine communication

Follicle cells remove thyroglobulin from the follicular cavity by which mechanism?

endocytosis

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptatino syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

The ovaries secrete _______ when stimulated by FSH.

estrogen

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

exposure to light stimulates production

The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds is called the _____.

general adaptation syndrome

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

Cushing disease results from an excess of

glucocorticoids

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocorticoids

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations

Cushing disease is a result of which of the following?

hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin synthesized?

hypothalamus

Which endocrine structure secretes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction?

hypothalamus

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following, except

increase in urine production

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

Which of the following outcomes produce different, but complementary, effects in specific tissues and organs?

integrative effects

Type 1 diabetes:

is characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

lipid reserves are mobilized

The condition known as goiter can result from too

little iodine in the diet

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

Which anterior pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females and stimulates sex hormone production by the interstitial cells of the testes in males?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is

mobilization of energy reserves

Which is an effect of parathyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

mobilizes calcium from bone

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

negative feedback

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

oxytocin

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called_____.

permissive

In which possible outcome is one hormone required for a second hormone to produce its effect?

permissive effects

Which intracellular substance degraded cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

phosphodiesterase

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria

Natriuretic peptides:

promote the loss of sodium and water at the kidneys

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the _______ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

resistance

Oxytocin:

rises (in its concentrations) during sexual arousal and peak at orgasm in both sexes

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

she is 50-years old and out of shape

Somatomedins:

stimulate tissue growth by increasing amino acid uptake

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists

Which structure of the endocrine system secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response?

thymus

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty

thyroid hormone

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature

thyroxine

In ______ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

type 1

In ______ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

type 2

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

tyrosine kinase receptors

What type of hormone bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

cushing's disease

In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system.

antagonistic

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

B receptors

______ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

GH (growth hormone)

What other symptom is tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst?

Increased urination

Which important event occurs in the apical surface of the follicle cell?

Iodide ions (I-) are enzymatically converted to an activated form of iodide (I+)

Which characteristic of the thyroid hormones is accurate?

Roughly 75 percent of the T4 molecules entering the bloodstream become attached to transport proteins called thyroid-binding globulins (TBGs)

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

Cyclic AMP (cAMP):

acts as a second messenger

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone

The kidneys secrete

all of the above (renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol)

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

all the above (peptides, steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid derivatives)

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

angiotensin

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose

In ______ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

both type 1 and type 2

When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects, except

bucolic

Parathyroid hormones does all of the following, except that it doesn't

build up bone (inhibit osteoblast activity, stimulate osteoclast activity, enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys, stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys)

Calcitonin:

can be administered clinically to treat several metabolic disorders associated with elevated calcium levels and excessive bone formation

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is

cortisol

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by

decreased resistance to disease and infection

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus