Chapter 17

List, and discuss, the three main motives behind colonialism?

1. Economic reasons, as a source of raw materials or as a market for manufactured products. 2. Extreme nationalism, "keeping up with the Jones." 3. The missionary drive, spreading the word of the Lord.

Discuss the spatial distribution of the colonies of the major colonial powers.

1. Great Britain ---- Australia, Canada, New Zealand, British Honduras, Jamaica, British Guyana, Falkland Islands, large parts of Africa, Aden, Burma, Bhutan, Malaysia, Hong Kong and India. 2. France ---- French Guiana, Haiti, large parts of Africa and French Indo-China. 3. Portugal ---- Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Goa, Macao, East Timor. 4. Spain ---- Large parts of Latin America and the Philippines. 5. Holland ---- Indonesia and Suriname. 6. Belgium ---- Congo. 7. Germany ---- German Southwest Africa, German East Africa. 8. United States ---- The Philippines.

Discuss the major implications of colonialism on the "developing nations" of the modern world.

1. In the New World, diseases led to the deaths of millions of people. The population do Peru did not return to its 1533 level until the 1960s. 2. The African sale trade devastated tribal societies on that continent and transplanted large African population into the New World. 3. Colonialism also led to migrations form colonies to colonies. Indentured laborers moved from Indonesia to Suriname, and from India to Guyana and Trinidad. 4. The incorporation of colonies into a worldwide division of labor led to the development of a primary economic sector in all of them. "Primary economic activities" are those concerned with the extraction of raw materials, such as logging, fishing, mining, and plantation agriculture. This process is largely responsible for the fact that many developing countries today export low-value added goods and must import high-value added goods. 5. Colonialism brought with it great inequality in colonized societies. Often, colonial powers, utilized a small native elite to assists them in governing the colonies. 6. For the bulk of the population, colonialism entailed declining economic opportunities, a theme central to dependency theory. Traditional patterns of agriculture were disrupted often with disastrous effects. Land-use patterns favored colonists while indigenous peasants had to pay for the costs of their own exploitation with taxes.

List, and discuss, the three categories of the modern colonial empire.

1. The empire resulting from the overland expansion of state, conquering or acquiring territories occupied by peoples of different cultures. Ex., Russia, Austro-Hungary, Prussia, Turkey and China. 2. The empire built up primarily of overseas territories by the states of Europe during the Age of Exploration from C15 to C19. Ex., Spain, Portugal, Britain, France and the Netherlands. 3. The empires built up after the Napoleonic Wars, which were based on nationalism, geopolitics and religious proselytization..

What happened in the "first wave of colonialism," and when did this occur?

1500-1774 From C16 until the early C19 Western economic thought was characterized by mercantilism, in which state protection of private interests was justified as necessary for the national well-being. During this period, the primary colonial powers were Spain and Portugal, and the primary colonies were the New World and parts of Africa .

What happened in the "inter-colonial interlude," and when did this occur?

1774-1825 Following the Napoleonic Wars, the European powers were weak (particularly Spain, which was occupied by France). This opened an opportunity for Latin American nationalists, led by Simon Bolivar (the C19 equivalent of Hugo Chavez) to break away and become independent territories.

What is "military imperialism?"

A particular kind of imperialism, one that results in a radical change in the political and military status quo by the extension of a state's sovereignty over territory that is either empty of occupied by peoples of different cultures, is known as military imperialism.

What is "economic imperialism?"

A variety of colonialism that does not depend on military conquest. It involves a number of techniques designed to tie one country to another so tightly through economic means that one becomes a de-facto colony of the other.

In the cases of Peru, Indonesia, India, Burma, and Vietnam, explain how colonialism led to a change in the capital cities of these countries

As colonial societies became polarized, so too did the spaces they comprised. Ports which were central to European maritime trade and control became important centers of commerce, often to the detriment of traditional capitals further inland. Country ----- Traditional Capital ---- New Capital 1. Peru ---- Cuzco ---- Lima 2. Indonesia ---- Yogyakarta ---- Jakarata 3. India ---- Delhi ---- Mumbai 4. Burma ---- Mandalay ---- Rangoon 5. Vietnam ---- Hue ---- Saigon

How did colonialism have profound implications for both the colonizers and the colonized?

Before colonialism: Europe was a relatively poor and powerless part of the world in comparison with the Muslim world, India and China. After colonialism: Europe became the most powerful collection of societies on the planet.

To Cohen, how was "colonialism" different from "imperialism?"

Colonialism is distinct from "imperialism," which is defined as: "rule over indigenous people, transforming their ideas, institutions and goods.

How did Saul Cohen define "colonialism?"

Colonialism, as a process, involves the settlement from a mother country generally into empty lands and bringing into these lands the previous culture and organization of the parent society.

The location of many British colonies were often determined by their proximity to numerous strategic "choke points" on the world's oceans. Discuss this with respect to the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Egypt, Aden, South Africa, and Singapore taking care to indicate the particular "choke point" and which oceans were involved.

Colony ----------- Choke Point ----------- Oceans 1. Falkland Islands ----- Straits of Magellan ------ Pacific and Atlantic. 2. Gibraltar ---- Straits of Gibraltar ---- Atlantic and Mediterranean. 3. Egypt ---- Suez Canal ---- Mediterranean and Red 4. Aden ---- Babel Mandeb ---- Red and Indian 5. South Africa ---- Cape of Good Hope ---- Atlantic and Indian 6. Singapore ---- Straits of Malacca ---- Indian and Pacific

Using the retention of the Philippines by the United States of America, explain how these three motives overlapped.

Consider the US retention of the Philippines after acquiring it in 1898 until 1946. One one hand, it provided raw materials (sugar, hemp) and was an outlet for American manufactured products; on another level it was a source of American pride to have an overseas colony; also, American missionaries could spread fundamentalist Christianity among the Catholic Muslims, and indigenous inhabitants of the islands.

What happened in the "second wave of colonialism," and when did this occur?

During the C19 phase of industrialization, characterized economically by the ideology of free trade the number of colonies grew again. This time, Britain emerged as the world's premier power and along with France, colonized large parts of Africa and Asia. Finally, the number of colonies declined rapidly after WWII amid the era of decolonization and national liberation movements.

To what extent did the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas determine the spatial distribution of the Spanish and Portuguese languages in Latin America?

Everything on the left side belonged to Spain. Everything on the right side belonged to Portugal. This is why (with the exception of Brazil) all of the Latin American countries were colonies of Spain and speak Latin/Spanish while Portuguese colonies like Brazil speak Portuguese. Colonies such as Angola, Mozambique, Goa, Macau and East Timor were all colonies of Portugal.

What impact did colonialism have on the transportation systems of the "developing nations" of the modern world

From the coasts, railroads, extended colonial control into interior, often reaching into mineral rich regions or plantation. A long-term consequence of this design is that road and railroad networks of developing countries often bear little, if any, resemblance to the distribution of the population that lives there and their needs; rather they are constructed to facilitate the export of raw materials to the colonizing country and today to the global economy.

_________________________ occurs when some countries seek to acquire the territories of other states and nations.

Imperialism

Why did the Latin American nations break away from their Spanish and Portuguese colonial masters during the early nineteenth century?

In Latin America, the nations broke away form the colonial masters early, following the Napoleonic wars because the core was sufficiently weakened allowing for the periphery to break away.

What is "cultural imperialism?"

It aims not at controlling territory or economies but minds. Typically it does not conquer on its own but prepares a target for later penetration by economic, and military weapons.

One of the most important events in the history of colonialism was the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. What did this do?

It divided the world in half at the 50 degree West longitude.

What, according to Frankel, was the difference between primary colonization and secondary colonization?

Primary colonization: the occupation of lands and the domination of indigenous peoples. Secondary colonization: the acquisition by colonial power of virtually empty territory.

How did the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas impact the Spanish administration of the Philippines?

The Philippines were a Spanish colony from 1568 until 1898 but, since they were in the Portuguese "half of the world" they were administered as part of the Vice-royalty of New Spain in Mexico.

What geopolitical factor was instrumental in the decision of the United States of America to keep the Philippines as a colony?

The US acquired the Philippines as a result of the Spanish American War in the 1898 but decided to keep them for a number of reasons one of which was their position between Singapore and Japan. The Japanese crushed the Russians at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905 and the US began to become concerned that the Japanese were becoming "dangerous."

What was the essential impetus for the end of European colonialism in Southeast Asia?

The international environment following WWII provided an ideal opening for various nationalist and independence movements in the Arab, African, Indian and Southeast Asian world.

Many African nations are notorious for internal strife between different ethnic groups. How was this a legacy of European Colonialism?

The nation-state was fundamentally a European creation. Nevertheless it was widely dispersed around the world as colonies were made into states. In Africa (where this process was the most notorious) it led to the formation of unstable states with highly artificial borders. Unlike Europe, where states were centered on some degree of ethnic similarity the states of the developing world were too diverse to be understood in the same terms. In many of these countries, where local religious, ethnic, and tribal loyalties supersede nationals, political conflicts can impair economic growth and development.

How does colonialism explain the continuing prevalence of the Russian Orthodox Church in the American state of Alaska?

While European colonization was occurring overseas, Russia expanded eastward (even into North America - Alaska) and that's why the Russian Orthodox church is still prevalent in Alaska.