Chapter 17

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his a. great play "Is Rome Burning?" b. 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes. c. autobiography published in French. d. biography of Newton, "the greatest European." e. unconditional support for enlightened despotism.

b. 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"? a. Baron Paul d'Holbach b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau c. Denis Diderot d. Francois Quesnay e. Voltaire

b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant, a. declined in numbers and influence. b. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas. c. was responsible for the dramatic role in literary. d. had not changed much in two centuries. e. were legally separated from any state or government connections.

b. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe a. were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for integration. b. were most persecuted in France and Poland. c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities. d. won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781. e. were restricted to ghettos in all European states.

c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with a. a passion for evil. b. love in their heart. c. the image of god in their mind's eye. d. a blank slate. e. a mixture of their parent's beliefs and values.

d. a blank slate.

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often a. carried out by mobs after the criminals were charged in court. b. less severe than the crime would merit. c. the responsibility of the army. d. public and very gruesome. e. carried out privately so as not to inflame the general populace.

d. public and very gruesome.

The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was a. Condorcet. b. Holbach. c. Quesnay. d. Arouet. e. Danton.

a. Condorcet.

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of a. James Cook. b. Ferdinand de Lesseps. c. Zheng He. d. David Hume. e. Ferdinand Magellan.

a. James Cook.

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Beatrice Williams. c. Mary Astell. d. Princess Amelia of Austria. e. Maria Cavendish.

a. Mary Wollstonecraft.

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers: a. epic poetry b. autobiography c. novels d. short stories e. histories of the Middle Ages

c. novels

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where a. the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power. b. the king exercises absolute and unlimited power. c. power is divided between the three branches of government. d. the nobility is uninvolved. e. all government resources are focused on military power.

c. power is divided between the three branches of government.

Johann Sebastian Bach a. was best known for his cantatas and motets. b. became a close German confidant of Voltaire. c. produced religious music as a way to worship God. d. was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century. e. wrote Messiah.

c. produced religious music as a way to worship God.

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes? a. divine right monarchy b. marriage c. religion d. ignoring the "general will" e. private property

e. private property

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as a. "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity." b. "the end of tyranny." c. "a new era of equality for all." d. "a false intimation of future woes." e. "the proxy for real progress"

a. "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."

Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work. a. Antoine WatteauReturn from Cythera b. Giovanni Battista TiepoloPlurality of Worlds c. Balthasar Neumannpilgrimage church of the Sitzkrieg Vierzehnheiligen d. Domenikus Zimmermannthe salon e. Bernini Versailles

a. Antoine Watteau - Return from Cythera

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was a. Antoine Watteau. b. Balthasar Neumann. c. Madam Geoffrin. d. Rembrandt. e. Caspar David Friedrich.

a. Antoine Watteau.

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by a. Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire. b. Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers. c. the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn. d. the innovative, secular compositions of Bach. e. the neoclassical works of Wagner.

a. Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the a. enormous impact of the publishing industry. b. decline of French as an international language. c. decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel. d. increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons. e. complete freedom of the press.

a. enormous impact of the publishing industry.

Salons were a. literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed. b. luxurious carriages designed for long trips in the country. c. another name for bordellos. d. taverns in the poor districts where riots often started. e. lavish parties at court where nobles were entertained.

a. literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they a. popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion. b. portray churches as allies of scientific progress. c. discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters. d. question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse. e. advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was "freer."

a. popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes: a. proper child rearing and human education b. the best roles for women in making modern society c. the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament d. the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons e. the evils of child abuse.

a. proper child rearing and human education

Adam Smith believed that government a. should not interfere in people's economic decisions. b. set prices across the board to maintain stability. c. should encourage people to share and help each other. d. has a responsibility to the people to manage the economy. e. is not necessary and should be eliminated entirely.

a. should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended a. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life. b. the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies. c. a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice. d. rigorous state control of all forms of education. e. the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

a. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

The French philosophes mostly included people from a. the nobility and the middle class. b. the lower class and the lower middle class. c. aristocracy and nobility. d. urban artisans and craftsmen. e. the universities.

a. the nobility and the middle class.

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was a. Anne Stuart. b. Mary Astell. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Jane Austin. e. Maria Cavendish.

b. Mary Astell.

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century a. a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began. b. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline. c. criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased. d. the death penalty was abolished in western Europe. e. a and c

b. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

Pogroms were a. parties held to celebrate the amity between Jews and Christians. b. instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities. c. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Sephardim. d. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Ashkenazim. e. a sugary delicacy served at the capital in Vienna.

b. instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of a. private tutors. b. magazines for the general public. c. compulsory education for the general public. d. state investments in free books. e. libraries.

b. magazines for the general public.

Isaac Newton and John Locke a. created two antagonistic religious systems of thought. b. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society. c. claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly. d. said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified. e. had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

b. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of a. anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities. b. secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life. c. sophism and the mockery of past traditions. d. monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers. e. the complete separation of church from state.

b. secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was a. psychological autobiography. b. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures. c. ribald stories of peasant ignorance. d. aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites. e. scientific treatises based upon philosophical induction.

b. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was a. Denis Diderot. b. Adam Smith. c. Francois Quesnay. d. Cesare Beccaria. e. David Hume.

c. Francois Quesnay.

Deism is the belief that a. religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious. b. if God exists, he has no interest in the world. c. God created the universe but does not actively run it d. a transcendent spirit controls every event. e. praying matters.

c. God created the universe but does not actively run it

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is a. Bach's St. Matthew's Passion. b. Haydn's The Seasons. c. Handel's Messiah. d. Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. e. Wagner's The Ring cycle.

c. Handel's Messiah.

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to a. Christmas. b. Easter. c. Lent. d. Pentecost. e. All Saints.

c. Lent.

The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was a. confined to France. b. expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach. c. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann. d. characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power. e. more sever and mathematical than the Baroque.

c. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of a. the German monarchical system. b. the separation of church and state. c. religious intolerance. d. Plato and the Greeks. e. Chinese civilization.

c. religious intolerance.

Montesquieu's Persian Letters a. expressed his admiration of Islam and the East. b. was a translation of a great literary work from ancient Persia. c. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy. d. was first written Latin but later translated into French. e. was published first in Italy.

c. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

The French philosophes a. flourished in an atmosphere of government support. b. sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines. c. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality. d. supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own. e. were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

c. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

For Rousseau, the "general will" was a. a meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason. b. derived from the law of supply and demand. c. a license to do as one pleased. d. a social consensus to which the individual must bow. e. identical to Locke's social contract.

d. a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with a. Voltaire. b. Diderot. c. Montesquieu. d. Hume. e. Beccaria.

e. Beccaria.

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements? a. Scotland and Ireland. b. France and Austria. c. Italy and Spain. d. Sweden and Poland. e. England and Germany.

e. England and Germany.

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was a. Voltaire. b. Diderot. c. Hume. d. Beccaria. e. Fontenelle.

e. Fontenelle.

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was a. Unitarianism. b. Quakerism. c. Presbyterianism. d. Lutheranism. e. Methodism.

e. Methodism.

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro? a. Bach b. Handel c. Haydn d. Beethoven e. Mozart

e. Mozart

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was a. Geneva. b. Berlin. c. London. d. Vienna. e. Paris.

e. Paris.

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to a. get the uneducated masses to respect authority. b. usher in God's kingdom on earth. c. dispute the claims of science. d. exacerbate the hedonism of his peers. e. change the general way of thinking.

e. change the general way of thinking.

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was a. beer. b. whiskey. c. wine. d. porter. e. gin.

e. gin.

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Marie Antoinette. c. Mary Astell. d. Catherine the Great. e. the Marquise du Chatelet.

e. the Marquise du Chatelet.

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to a. scientific theism. b. an abandonment of the scientific method. c. intellectual stagnation. d. the formation of several agnostic religious movements. e. the social sciences.

e. the social sciences.