Chapter 17-Adaptive Immunity

Helper T cells have what molecule (antigen, marker) on their surface that is only found on helper T cells? MHC class I molecules CD8 CD4 MHC class II molecules

CD4

Antigenic stimulation of a particular B cell that results in the production of a large number of plasma and memory cells, all capable of responding to that antigen, is referred to as __________.

Clonal selection

When seen microscopically, the outer, more densely populated part of lymphoid organs is called the paracorticle zone apex cortex medulla

Cortex

What type of molecule activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Cytokines released from T helper cells A virus-infected cell or a cancer cell produces abnormal endogenous antigens. The abnormal antigen is presented on the cell surface in association with MHC class I molecules. Binding of a T helper cell promotes secretion of cytokines. The cytokines released from T helper cells activate a precursor CTL, which produces a clone of CTLs.

Plasma cells are formed after the proliferation of which type of cell?•B cell •T cell •dendritic cell •macrophage

*B cell

The FIRST antibody that B cells make during primary response to an antigen is •IgM. •IgG. •IgE. •IgA.

*IgM

The class of antibody that exists as a pentamer is •IgG. •IgM. •IgA. •IgD.

*IgM

The proliferation of B cells once they are activated is known as •class switching .•clonal selection. •clonal deletion. •clonal expansion.

*clonal expansion

Generally, antibodies recognize and interact with specific regions on antigens called •PAMPs .•haptens. •epitopes. •active sites.

*epitopes

The process by which antigens are coated with antibodies or complement proteins that enhance their phagocytosis is called •apoptosis .•neutralization. •opsonization. •agglutination.

*opsonization

While large polysaccharides can be found in some antigens, most antigens are composed of •DNA. •lipids. •RNA. •proteins.

*proteins

Maturation of the T cells takes place in the •bone marrow .•liver. •thymus. •spleen.

*thymus

Antigen

-anything that stimulates an immune response. What makes a good antigen? Three things: -Size-the larger the better -Chemical complexity-sugars, fats-not very antigenic -recognized as foreign, not self Most antigens are either proteins or large polysaccharides.

T cells

-basis of cellular immunity. Mature in Thymus.

Cytokines

-chemical messengers of immune cells. Cells of the immune system communicate with each other by means of messenger molecules called cytokines.

How many antigen-binding sites do monomer antibodies have? •1 •2 •3 •4

2

How many classes of antibodies are there? •2 •3 •5 •6

5

Which blood type(s) can someone who is type A receive? •A •B •AB and A •A and O

A and O

Where are class II MHC found, and what cells recognize them? •all body cells; T helper cells •all body cells; T cytotoxic cells •APCs; T helper cells •APCs; T cytotoxic cells

APCs; T helper cells

Which of the following statements about T-dependent antigens is true? T-dependent antigens are usually polysaccharides. Unselected CTL cells are required for the activation process. Unselected A TH cell acts as an antigen-presenting cell for the T-dependent antigen. Activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen requires cytokines secreted by a TH cell.

Activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen requires cytokines secreted by a TH cell.

The resistance to reinfection with measles virus following recovery from measles infection is called __________.

Adaptive Immunity

Which of the following is a true statement about the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? Class II MHC molecules exist only on the surface of antigen-presenting molecules (APCs). All of the answers are correct. The MHC is a collection of genes that encode molecules of genetically diverse glycoproteins. Class I MHC are found on the plasma membranes of mammalian nucleated cells. Thymic selection will rid the body of T cells that will not recognize MHC molecules of the host.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of these cells do NOT have a role in cell-mediated immunity?

Erythrocytes

Cyclosporine is a drug sometimes used to prevent transplant rejection after organ transplant surgery. This drug specifically disrupts cell-mediated immunity by cytotoxic T cells. Which of these events can be predicted based on this information? The recipient will be susceptible to repeated infections with common bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci. Antibody production will NOT be disrupted in the recipient. Autoimmune disorders will be a potential side effect. Antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells will be impaired. T helper cells will no longer be produced.

Antibody production will NOT be disrupted in the recipient.

While on safari in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, your friend ventures away from camp and is bitten by a black widow spider. Fortunately, you are prepared and administer artificially acquired passive immunity. With what did you inject your friend? Antivenin Snake venom Penicillin Antigen

Antivenin Artificially acquired passive immunity involves the injection of antibodies into the body. These antibodies come from an animal or a human who is already immune to the disease. You injected your friend with an antivenin in order to prevent a reaction to the toxin released by the black widow spider.

You are about to start a multiyear experiment in a laboratory that works with poliovirus. Although the chance of exposure is low, you are still required to get immunized. What type of immunity now protects you? Artificially acquired passive immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired active immunity

Artificially acquired active immunity (see image in pinterest microbiology folder)

Which of the following would be a possible consequence of a disorder that selectively destroys the T regulatory cells in a patient? Autoimmune diseases Impaired antibody production Frequent infections with viral and fungal pathogens Increased incidence of certain cancers frequent infections with parasitic pathogens

Autoimmune diseases

__________ are only involved in the humoral immune response.

B cells

Which of these pathogens would most likely be attacked by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

Blood flukes (schistosomes)

Which is not true of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules? found on dendritic cells found on all nucleated cells of body found on B cells found on macrophages

found on all nucleated cells of body

Globulin proteins that contain MOST of the antibodies are called •alpha globulin. •beta globulin. •gamma globulin. •delta globulin.

gamma globulin

After stimulation by antigen, areas of intense proliferation of B cells called ——— form in some lymphoid organs. folliles Peyer's patches germinal centers red pulp

germinal centers

An antigenic foreign substance that has a low molecular weight is called a(n) •allergen. •hapten. •cytokine. •immunoglobulin.

hapten

Each antibody has __________ antigen binding sites.

two

A typical antibody monomer has •two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains .•two different light chains and two different heavy chains .•two identical light chains and two different heavy chains. •two different light chains and two identical heavy chains.

two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

Cell-mediated immunity in part protects against __________.

intracellular bacteria and viruses

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity __________. is particularly important for killing microbes that are too large be destroyed by phagocytosis involves antibodies binding to a microbe in the same orientation that IgE antibodies bind to basophils involves NK cells binding directly to a microbe involves eosinophils binding directly to a microbe damages, but rarely lyses, a microbe

is particularly important for killing microbes that are too large be destroyed by phagocytosis

The secondary (anamnestic) immune response is due to __________.

long-lived memory cells

The secondary (anamnestic) immune response is due to __________. long-lived memory cells long-lived antibody-producing plasma cells long-lived T helper cells persistent high levels of antibody after the initial exposure to antigen

long-lived memory cells

Immunity acquired by transplacental transfer is called __________. naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity

naturally acquired passive immunity

T cytotoxic cells __________.

produce perforin T cytotoxic cells produce perforin. A T cytotoxic cell attaches to the target cell and releases a pore-forming protein, perforin. Pore formation contributes to the subsequent death of the cell.

The area of the spleen where red blood cells are produced is the germinal center red pulp white pulp periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

red pulp

Which of the following can result from systemicanaphylaxis? •contact dermatitis •hives •shock •asthma

shock

Which of the following is a systemic autoimmune disease, involving immune complex reactions, that mainly affects women? •systemic lupus erythematosus •multiple sclerosis •psoriasis •insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

systemic lupus erythematosus

Spleen

Filter for the blood. Removes antigens and removes dead blood cells. It can also store red blood cells. It serves as the source of red blood cells for the fetus. That occurs mainly in the red pulp. Immune responses occur in white pulp-consists entirely of lymphoid tissue.

Peyers patches

Found in small intestine. They have villi (small finger like projections that increase surface area for better absorption of nutrients). Villi are lined with epithelial cells.

The most abundant Ig in the blood serum is __________.

G

Which of the following are NOT antigen-presenting cells ? All of the listed choices are antigen-presenting cells. B cells Dendritic cells Helper T cells Macrophages

Helper T cells

Which of the following are NOT antigen-presenting cells ? Dendritic cells Helper T cells B cells All of the listed choices are antigen-presenting cells. Macrophages

Helper T cells are NOT antigen-presenting cells. TH (T helper) cells can recognize an antigen presented on the surface of a macrophage and activate the macrophage, making it more effective in both phagocytosis and in antigen presentation.

Which of the following is a correct match? IgE: typically structured as a pentamer IgG: first immunoglobulin produced in a primary immune response IgM: readily crosses the placenta to protect the fetus/newborn IgA: found in secretions such as colostrum, tears, and mucu

IgA: found in secretions such as colostrum, tears, and mucus

Anaphylactic reactions are caused when certainantigens combine with ________ antibodies. •IgG •IgE •IgA •IgD

IgE

Which of the following is the least abundant Ig? IgE is formed; antigen binds IgE; histamine is released; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE is formed; antigen binds IgE; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; histamine is released. IgE is formed; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; histamine is released; antigen binds IgE. IgE is formed; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; antigen binds IgE; histamine is released. IgE is formed; antigen binds IgE; IgE binds to mast cells; mast cells bind to basophils; histamine is released.

IgE is formed; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; antigen binds IgE; histamine is released.

Which of these processes is in the proper sequence? IgE is formed; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; histamine is released; antigen binds IgE. IgE is formed; antigen binds IgE; IgE binds to mast cells; mast cells bind to basophils; histamine is released. IgE is formed; antigen binds IgE; histamine is released; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE is formed; antigen binds IgE; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; histamine is released. IgE is formed; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; antigen binds IgE; histamine is released.

IgE is formed; IgE binds to mast cells and basophils; antigen binds IgE; histamine is released.

The antibody that is produced in the secondary response is mostly •IgG. •IgE. •IgM. •IgA.

IgG

Which answer is true of the anamnestic response?

IgG predominates

Which answer is true of the anamnestic response? IgM is not produced. IgG predominates. IgG and IgM are present in equal proportions. IgM predominates. IgG is not produced.

IgG predominates.

Which of the following statements is NOT of the IgA antibody class? It can trigger the complement cascade. It is the most abundant antibody class in body secretions. It is a dimer in its most effective form. It prevents pathogens from attaching to mucosal surfaces. It can be found as a monomer in serum.

It can trigger the complement cascade.

Which of the following statements concerning adaptive immunity is FALSE? It can be stimulated by vaccination. It requires specific recognition of microbes and antigens. It can form memory responses. It is always present and instantly protects against infection.

It is always present and instantly protects against infection.

Which of the following statements concerning adaptive immunity is FALSE? t can be stimulated by vaccination. It requires specific recognition of microbes and antigens. It can form memory responses. It is always present and instantly protects against infection.

It is always present and instantly protects against infection.

lymph vessels

Lymph node-traps antigens Germinal center-area of intense proliferation of B lymphocytes

Which of the following is NOT an effect an antibody might have on a target cell? Opsonization Neutralization Lysis Agglutination

Lysis An antibody may NOT cause lysis of a target cell. Antibody binding to antigens may cause the following: agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, activation of complement, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

__________ cells are important in facilitating immune responses against pathogens that enter the body via the digestive system.

M

cells are important in facilitating immune responses against pathogens that enter the body via the digestive system.

M Cells

Gateway cells in the gastrointestinal tract where antigens are taken up and transferred to APCs are called •Kuppfer's cells. •M cells. •dendritic cells. •Langerhans cells.

M cells

Types of adaptive immunity:

Naturally acquired active immunity-An example of this is when we get chickenpox and then we are immune to it and cant get it again. Our body has developed antibodies against that specific antigen so we have acquired immunity naturally. Naturally acquired passive immunity-An example of this is something passed on from mother to baby via breast milk. Artificially acquired active immunity-Immunity that our body acquires through exposure to virus via vaccine Artificially acquired passive immunity-Exposure that we acquire via an injection given to us

You get the following antibody titers against West Nile virus in three patients. Which patient probably has a current infection? Patient A: 128 IgG, 0 IgM Patient B: 128 IgG, 256 IgM Patient C: 0 IgG, 0 IgM

Patient B

A secondary lymphoid organ found in the small intestine is germinal centers red pulp Peyer's patches follicles

Peyer's Patches

Which of these cell types is NOT involved in cell-mediated immunity? TH1 cells Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Natural killer cells Plasma cells T regulatory cells

Plasma Cells

Which of these cell types is NOT involved in cell-mediated immunity?

Plasma cells

Which of the following is a reaction of the adaptive immune response? Phagocytosis by macrophages Inflammation Production of antibodies Fever

Production of antibodies

Which of the following is a reaction of the adaptive immune response? Phagocytosis by macrophages Production of antibodies Inflammation Fever

Production of antibodies

HIV selectively destroys CD4 cells and as a result, a person with AIDS is susceptible to life-threatening viral infections. Knowing this, you can conclude that __________.

these viruses have T-dependent antigens You can conclude that these viruses have T-dependent antigens. An antigen that requires a T-Helper (CD4) cell for antibody production is known as a T-dependent antigen. T-dependent antigens are mainly proteins, such as those found on viruses, bacteria, foreign red blood cells, and haptens with their carrier molecules.

T lymphocytes mature and differentiate in the spleen lymph nodes bursa of Fabricius thymus

thymus

Which of these lists is in the correct order of differentiation? Plasma cells to B cells to stem cells B cells to stem cells to plasma cells Stem cells to B cells to plasma cells Stem cells to plasma cells to B cells B cells to plasma cells to stem cells

Stem cells to B cells to plasma cells

Which of the following T cell is a component of both the cellular and humoral immune response? T regulatory cell Cytotoxic T cells T helper cells Natural killer cells

T Helper Cells

Which of the following CANNOT function as an antigen-presenting cell?

T cell

Which of the following CANNOT function as an antigen-presenting cell? dendritic cell B cell T cell macrophage

T cell

Which cells combat autoimmunity as their primary function? •B cells •T cytotoxic cells •T helper cells •T regulatory cells

T regulatory cells

Dual Nature of the Adaptive Immune System includes humoral and cellular immunity. The primary difference between them is the mechanism of immunity, where the Humoral immunity produces antibodies against the antigens which are present outside the infected cells or free circulating in the blood (found in bodily fluids like serum and lymph). Cell-mediated immunity works inside the infected cells, where it destroys the pathogens or microorganisms by the process of lysis by the releasing cytokines.

The humoral response involves antibodies, which are found in bodily fluids like serum and lymph and are produced by B cells. Lymphocytes that mature in red bone marrow become B cells. The response follows this chain of events: 1. Antigens bind to B cells. 2. Interleukins or helper T cells costimulate B cells. In most cases, both an antigen and a costimulator are required to activate a B cell and initiate B cell proliferation. 3. B cells proliferate and produce plasma cells. The plasma cells bear antibodies with the identical antigen specificity as the antigen receptors of the activated B cells. The antibodies are released and circulate through the body, binding to antigens. 4. B cells produce memory cells. Memory cells provide future immunity. Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated immunity) responds to intracellular antigens. -produces T lymphocytes -Recognizes antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells -mature in the thymus T cell receptors (TCR's) on the T cell surface contact antigens, causing the T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

Which of these answers is a potential concern of using T-independent antigens as vaccines? These antigens can lead to an aggressive cell-mediated immune response. Many individuals have impaired responses to T-independent antigens because of an inherited T-cell disorder. The lack of macrophage participation will lead to a weak response. Unselected These antigens can induce autoimmune reactions. These antigens will be ineffective in producing an immune response in infants.

These antigens will be ineffective in producing an immune response in infants.

Which of these answers is a potential concern of using T-independent antigens as vaccines? These antigens can lead to an aggressive cell-mediated immune response. These antigens can induce autoimmune reactions. The lack of macrophage participation will lead to a weak response. These antigens will be ineffective in producing an immune response in infants. Many individuals have impaired responses to T-independent antigens because of an inherited T-cell disorder.

These antigens will be ineffective in producing an immune response in infants.

What is the function of T cytotoxic cells? To produce antibodies To induce apoptosis of target cells To phagocytize pathogens To activate B cells

They induce apoptosis of target cells.

Which of the following statements is NOT true for T helper cells?

They lyse target cells.

Which of the following statements is NOT true for T helper cells? They lyse target cells. They activate B cells. They have CD4 molecules on the cell surface. They activate macrophages. They recognize antigen presented by class II MHC molecules.

They lyse target cells.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of antigens? They are typically nonself molecules. They are often proteins or polysaccharides. They are often surface molecules on microbes. They often have a molecular weight of less than 10,000. They can include nonmicrobial molecules, such as pollen, egg white, and blood cell surface molecules.

They often have a molecular weight of less than 10,000.

lymphoid organs

Thymus. Lobules-outer part of lobules , darkly stained. Inner part of thymus is Medulla (composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells)

The number of regions on an antibody molecule that can bind to an antigen is referred to as the __________ of that antibody.

Valence

A property of T cells, but not B cells, is their __________.

ability to form cells that directly kill virus-infected host cells

Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Reactions

allergy to drugs, venoms, peanuts Exposure intrevenously, oral -results when an individual sensitized to an antigen is exposed to it again -they get edema, increased vascular permeability, tracheal occlusion, -May result in circulatory collapse and death -treated with epinephrine, which increases blood pressure, constricts blood vessels (Counteracts the effect of the reaction by doing opposite of what is already happening in body because of allergy-decreased blood pressure and dilated blood vessels) Localized anaphylaxis -usually associated with ingested or inhaled antigens -symptoms depend on the route of entry -hives, hay fever, and asthma

wheal and flare reaction

allergy to insect bites, allergy testing -subcutaneous -localized increase in blood flow , vasc, perm Allergy rhinitis (hay fever)-pollens, edema, and irritation of nasal mucosa Bronchial asthma-pollen, dust mite feces, bronchial constriction, increased mucus production, airway inflammation Food Allergies-shellfish, eggs, vomiting, diarrhea, itching, hives, sometimes anaphylaxis

Antibodies

an antibody or immunoglobulin are compact, relatively soluable proteins. They are designed to recognize and bind to a specific antigen. Antibodies are either secreted by plasma cells or attached to the cell membrane of a b cell. Most human anitbodies have two binding sites; therefore they are bivalent. Because a bivalent antibody has the simplest molecular structure, it is called a monomer. Typical antibody monomer has 4 protein chains-2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains. A typical antibody is either Y or T shaped.

An injection of pooled human gamma globulin may provide passive immunity to humans from hepatitis A because it contains __________.

antibodies

Programmed cell death is called

apoptosis

Chemokines

are a type of cytokines that cause leukocytes to migrate to an infection. Both cytokines and chemokines use chemical signals to induce changes in other cells, but the latter are specialized to cause cell movement.

Interleukins

are cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes (white blood cells).

In humans, where do B cells mature?

bone marrow

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an example of which type of autoimmune disease? •Cytotoxic autoimmune reaction •Immune complex autoimmune reaction •Cell-mediated autoimmune reaction •Humoral-mediated autoimmune reaction

cell mediated autoimmune reaction

What is a plasma cell?

cell that produces antibodies

A new chemical messenger has been discovered that enhances the chemotaxis of macrophages and neutrophils toward sites of infection. It would be specifically classified as a(n) __________.

chemokine

Cytokines that induce migration of leukocytes into areas of infection or tissue damage are known as __________.

chemokines

Allergic contact dermatitis is an example of which type of reaction?•immune complex reaction •delayed cell-mediated reaction •cytotoxic reaction •anaphylaxis

delayed cell-mediated reaction

Another term for antigenic determinant is B cell memory cell epitope IgE

epitope

Vaccines convey ________ immunity. •naturally acquired active •naturally acquired passive •artificially acquired active •artificially acquired passive

•artificially acquired active

What type of immunity is conveyed when exposed individuals are given antibodies by injection? •naturally acquired active immunity •naturally acquired passive immunity •artificially acquired active immunity •artificially acquired passive immunity

•artificially acquired passive immunity

T cells are classified by certain glycoproteins on their surface called •granzymes. •endogenous antigens. •clusters of differentiation. •interleukins.

•clusters of differentiation.

Cancer cells in the body being eliminated by the immune system is an example of •immunologic surveillance .•immunosuppression. •immunologic enhancement.•immunotherapy.

•immunologic surveillance

Which autoimmune disease attacks the myelin sheath of nerves?•multiple sclerosis •psoriasis •Graves' disease •myasthenia gravis

•multiple sclerosis

A person who has measles will develop ________ immunity .•naturally acquired active •naturally acquired passive •artificially acquired active •artificially acquired passive

•naturally acquired active

IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells in the process of •neutralization. •agglutination. •apoptosis. •opsonization.

•neutralization.

Cells that can generate ALL types of cells are termed •self-tolerant. •pluripotent. •privileged. •hematopoietic.

•pluripotent.

An example of an immune complex autoimmune reaction is •multiple sclerosis. •rheumatoid arthritis. •Graves' disease. •insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

•rheumatoid arthritis.