Chapter 17 Connect A&P II

The colon is composed of 4 parts. In order these are the _____ colon, _____ colon, _____ colon, and the s-shaped _____ colon.

- ascending - transverse - descending - sigmoid

Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

- breaks down glycogen to glucose - converts non-carbohydrates to glucose - polymerizes glucose to glycogen

What are functions of the oral cavity?

- chemical digestion - ingestion - mastication

Match the pancreatic secretion with the type of secretion process insulin ----- pancreatic juice ------

- endocrine secretion - exocrine secretion

Secretions essential to stomach function are regulated in three phases: the __ phase, the __ phase, and the __ phase

- gastric - cephalic - intestinal

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

- gastric phase - intestinal phase - cephalic phase

Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?

- parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system - sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

What are mass movements?

- slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum - peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only 2 or 3 times each day - movements that can be caused by irritation mucosa - movements that generally follow a meal as a result of the gastrocolic reflex initiated in the small intestine

Why are teeth not considered to be part of the skeletal system?

- teeth have a different structure than bones - teeth contain proteins not found in bones

Identify the correct structural differences between the small intestine and the colon.

- the small intestine has villi and the large intestine does not - the small intestine has 2 complete layers of muscle and the large intestine has one complete layer and one layer of incomplete muscle

Permanent teeth replace milk or _____ teeth

baby

What is the function of teeth?

begin mechanical digestion

The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ____

bicarbonate ions

Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called _____ that assists with lipid digestion

bile

The liquid that is created and secreted by the liver to help with lipid digestion is ______

bile

What of the components of feces is responsible for the color?

bile pigments

What is normally found in feces?

bile pigments, mucus, bacteria, unabsorbed nutrients

Where ileum joins the cecum

large intestine

The ____ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

lips

The structures surrounding the mouth that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the _____

lips

The large, lobed organ ______ is mostly located in the upper right abdominal cavity

liver

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ____ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and _____ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting non-carbohydrates into glucose

lower; raise

The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called ______

mass movements

The oral cavity functions in ______

mastication, speech, and sensory perception

Teeth begin the _____ digestion of food

mechanical

There are 2 main components to digestion, _____ digestion and ______ digestion.

mechanical; chemical

The movements of the small intestines include segmentation which _____ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents

mixes; propel

What are the 2 basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

mixing and propelling

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are ______ movements that combine food with digestive fluids and ______ movements that move materials along the digestive tract.

mixing; propelling

Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

mouth

The large intestine's only significant secretion is ______

mucus

What do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

What is the main function of the small intestine?

nutrient absorption

The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the _____. This process is a _____ action

oropharynx; voluntary

The liver is located mainly in the ____ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just _____ to the diaphragm

upper right; inferior

The liver is located in the right _____ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______

upper; diaphragm

Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal _____

villi

What portion of the tooth is the crown?

the portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline

Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve _____

to emulsify fats

The large muscle organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the _____

tongue

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels, with the segment that receives it first at the top.

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

What is the correct order of the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer?

1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa

What is the function of bile salts?

Increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes.

True or False: The large intestine has little or no digestive function.

True

The pancreas enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic _____

amylase

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ______ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called _____, which lubricates the food during swallowing.

amylase; mucus

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

anterior

The blind tube at the end of the cecum filled with lymphocytes and immune cells is the ___.

appendix

The closed ended, narrow tube containing lymphatic tissue that projects downward from the cecum is called the ______

appendix

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ____ in the mouth.

carbohydrates

Pancreatic amylase breaks _____ down into ______

carbohydrates; disaccharides

When bacteria digest sugars and produce acids, they can create cavities within tooth enamel called dental ______

caries

Digested material passes from thee ileum into the _____

cecum

The pouch at the beginning of the large intestine that hangs slightly inferior to the ileocecal opening is the _____

cecum

The large intestine consists of the _____, ______, _____, and the anal canal

cecum, colon, rectum

Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called _____

chyme

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as _____

chyme

The term _____ is used to specify the alimentary canal between the ileocecal junction and the beginning of the rectum.

colon

Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli, and it ______ haustra.

lacks; has; has

The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the ______ hepatic duct.

common

The part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the ______

crown

A condition in which bacteria secrete acids that erode tooth enamel and cause cavities is called _____

dental caries

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______

digestion

Dental caries (cavities) are degeneration of which structure?

enamel of teeth

The ______ is a straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach

esophagus

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ____

gallbladder

In the lining of the stomach are small openings called ______ that lead into tubular structures called _______

gastric pits; gastric glands

Hepatic cells responding to the hormone insulin lower the blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to form ____

glycogen

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ____ cells

goblet

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______

hard palate; soft palate

Most of swallowing is an autonomic reflex. What part of swallowing is voluntary?

tongue pushing food into the oropharynx

The region of the colon between the ascending and descending portions is the ____ colon

transverse

A spongy retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines is the ______

pancreas

The insulin secreting organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the _____

pancreas

What accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?

pancreas

What part of the tooth is the root?

part of the tooth below the gumline

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.

permanent; deciduous

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the ______ before reaching the esophagus

pharynx

Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric

pits

Where is the pharynx located?

posterior to nasal and oral cavities

The common hepatic duct is formed by the convergence of which two structures?

right and left hepatic ducts

The large intestine begins in the lower _____ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the _____ side, crosses obliquely to the _____, and descends into the pelvis.

right; right; left

The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called ____

saliva

The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is _____

secretin

The tubular organ that connects the stomach to the large intestine is the _______

small intestine

The organ that is most effective in adsorbing digestive products, water, and electrolytes is the ______

small intestines

Name the J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

stomach

The alimentary canal is controlled by which nervous systems?

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

In the mouth, the structures that begin the mechanical digestion of food by breaking it down into smaller pieces are the _____

teeth

The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called ____

teeth