Chapter 17: Enlightenment

Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian

institutions

All of the following can be said of the 18th century Enlightenment EXCEPT

it reflected acceptance of social inequities and injustice as inevitable effects of natural law

Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in

its rational approach

The philosophes were primarily

journalists and popularizers of the of the Enlightenment

The philosophes used reason to address

social issues

Philosophes criticized the Christian church for all of the following EXCEPT

taking too limited a role in national poilitics

Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d' Alembert are best known for their great work:

the Encyclopedia

The two major points on the Deist's creed were

the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one's earthly actions and the existence of a rational God

The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were

Locke and Newton

Which of the following are related to the religious origins of the Enlightenment

Luther's 95 Theses

The book System of Nature (1770), by the Baron d'Holbach, was one of the most radical texts of the Enlightenment because of its

Materialism

This 18th century philosopher was known as the "Jewish Socrates"

Mendelsohn

Whose Spirit of the Laws, in 1748, served as a basis for the American Constitution's "separation of powers"

Montesquieu

Adam Smith advocated (supported)

the ending of England's mercantile system

Voltaire's greatest concern was

the freedom of the religion and the press

Which of the following was argued by John Locke in the Second Treatise of Government

the government must always protect the people's rights to property

Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that

the natural state of men is one of war

All of the following are examples of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau EXCEPT

the proper role of government is to protect individual property

Laissez-faire economic thought argues in favor of

A limited role of government in the economic life of a nation

The encyclopedists believed that

Antiquity rather than the Christian centuries should provide the intellectual and ethical models for civilization, the future welfare of humankind depended on living at peace with their neighbors, and the good life lay in the application of reason to human relationships

Which of the following figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking?

Baron d'Holbach

Montesquieu, in his Spirit of the Laws, was inspired by the system of government in

Great Britain

Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?

Charles de Montesquieu

Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes

Commercial and professional urban classes

The religious belief of the majority of the philosophes was

Deism

What was the "religion of the Enlightenment"?

Deism

Which of the following holds that God is no longer active in the world

Deism

The Encyclopedia project was led by

Diderot

This nation was significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment

England

Voltaire and Montesquieu had a similar outlook in their opinions about

England

In the view of the philosophes, Christianity

Favored the politics of intolerance and bigotry and caused human suffering, torture and war

The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in

France

Deists such as Voltaire believe that

God created the universe but then plays no additional role in shaping the course of events

How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe

Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform

Pascal and other critics saw this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of his teaching that heaven was a place of sensuous delights

Islam

With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?

Motherhood is a woman's most important occupation

"The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the society, at which dinner was usually served, cards usually played, but conversation led by the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having the ideal mixture of leading intellectuals, open-minded nobles, and clever, elegant women." The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the following?

Paris during the Enlightenment

Although they disagreed on many issues, the fundamental principle shared by Enlightenment thinkers was

Reforming society for the sake of human liberty

The group most severely criticized in the works of Voltaire, the French philosophe, was the

Roman Catholic clergy

Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of the 18th century?

Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people

regarding the origins of the Enlightenment in Science, the following can be said

Science allowed alternatives to be imagined in everything from politics to religion, laws restricting scientific research actually encouraged political heresy

According to Ethics, the most famous of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for which his contemporaries condemned him

Spinoza

As a result of the Enlightenment

The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society

Most philosophes believed that religion should be

Transformed into a humane force of tolerance

After 1688, which of these remained religious outsiders in Britain

Unitarians and Roman Catholics

"When popes and priests define their dogmas and discipline their followers, corruption is the rule and abuse is the result. Crush the infamous thing! The simple beauty of Christ's message has been lost in ignorance and encrusted with superstition." The speaker above would probably adhere to the views of

Voltaire

What was the purpose of Voltaire's interest in the execution of Jean Calas

Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform

The slogan "Crush the Infamous Thing" refers to

Voltaires attitude toward the Catholic church

The Republic of Letters

Was a gathering of elite Enlightenment thinkers at Parisian Solons, was a cosmopolitan discourse of the issues of the day, and was governed by proper social conventions and behavior

Literacy during the 18th century

Was dramatically higher than any point previous, created a passionate desire for the printed word

Hobbes and Rousseau both agreed that

a monarch has absolute power

Rousseau can be considered an early Romantic thinker primarily because he

admired the peasant and, even more, the uncivilized

Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau's thought?

all religion is based on "hope and fear"

With regard to economic measures, the philosophes generally supported

an expansion of trade

The 18th century deists

believed in a rational world that operated according to natural law

Many philosophes, such as Voltaire, believed that governmental reform would be accomplished by

benevolent absolutist monarchs

"The virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community" In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes said that government is a "contact"

between the ruler and those governed; those being ruled should turn over all authority to the ruler to ensure security and order

Rousseau's Emile influenced the way people viewed childhood

by emphasizing that children were not merely small adults

Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in

changing the relationship between people and their government

The 18th century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with

critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge

The Enlightenment concept of a remote God who does not interfere in the operations of his creation is

deism

In his political commentary, French philosopher Montesquieu most admired England for its

division of power

Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed significantly from other Enlightenment philosophes in his

emphasis on emotions and his admiration for the "noble salvage"

Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire's ideas?

empiricism and religious toleration are to be celebrated

Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment

favored the extension of European empires across the world

Smith's theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called his __________ theory

four-stage

Enlightenment Thinkers

had faith in the power of rational criticism

"Liberty" in the 18th century thought, can best be described as

human rights and the sovereignty of the people

According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to protect

life, liberty, and property

Voltaire's Candide reveals that the Enlightenment thought was not always

optimistic

Which of the following best expresses Voltaire's views concerning religion?

organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance

The main purpose of the French salons was to

provide a forum where men of letters could exchange ideas

An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called

public opinion

Voltaire's famous slogan "crush the horrible thing" refers to

religion

The 18th century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through

scientific empricism

The Encyclopedia

secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe

Thomas Jefferson advocated which of the following ideas, which had its origins in the writing of John Locke, in the American Declaration of Independence?

the purpose of government is to protect individual rights

The style of the Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was

the satire

Which of the following is NOT true of the philosophes?

they used their positions as university professors to influence society

Which is the most accurate statement pertaining to the philosophes of the 18th century

they were primarily reformers

Locke argued that the primary aim for government is

to assure right of property

Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill both wrote

tracts on liberty and the rights of women

The Enlightenment

was based upon the assumption that science and reason can explain all things

The philosophes generally

were not avid feminists

the scientists, thinkers, and writers of the scientific revolution gave 18th century Europe a belief in

•progress •natural law •hope of the future •education