chapter 17 European Renaissance and Reformation
Catholic Reformation
16th-century Catholic reform movement in response to Protestant Reformation
Reformation
16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of new Christian churches
Peace of Augsburg
Agreement in 1555 declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Utopia
An ideal place
perspective
Art technique that re-creates three dimensions
How was the northern Renaissance different from the Renaissance in Italy?
But the northern Renaissance had a difference. Educated people combined classical learning with interest in religious ideas.
annul
Cancel or put an end to
secular
Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
predestination
Doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be saved
What did northern European artists paint?
Dürer painted religious subjects and realistic landscapes. Holbein, Van Eyck, and Bruegel painted lifelike portraits and scenes of peasant life. They revealed much about the times.
William Shakespeare
Famous Renaissance writer
humanism
Focus on human potential and achievements
Johann Gutenberg
German craftsman who developed the printing press
theocracy
Government controlled by religious leaders
What happened at the Council of Trent?
He also called a meeting of church leaders, the Council of Trent. The council, which met in 1545, passed doctrines. These doctrines stated that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was final and that Christians needed to perform good works to win salvation. They also gave the Bible and the Church equal authority in setting out Christian beliefs and supported indulgences.
What is Calvinism?
He also taught predestination, the idea that God determines beforehand who will be saved. The religion based on Calvin's teachings is called Calvinism. Calvin created a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland.
What role did Henry VIII play in creating the Church of England?
Henry had to get out of the Catholic church. In 1534, Henry had Parliament pass laws that created the Church of England. These laws made the king or queen, not the pope, head of the Church. Henry no longer had to obey the pope. Henry remarried five times. His only son was from his third wife.
Essential Question
How do movements of people and ideas affects world history?
What are secular ideas?
In the Middle Ages, the emphasis had been mostly on spiritual values. Renaissance thinkers stressed secular ideas. These ideas centered on the things of the world. One way that powerful or wealthy people showed this interest in worldly things was by paying artists, writers, and musicians to create beautiful works of art. Wealthy
Aim Ans
It originated in Italy because it had important cities where ideas and trades where being made. and the cities had wealthy merchants and bankers to sponsor it. Also its the original place where classical Rome and Greece was originated. The Innovation is people focus on humanism and use of the vernacular language
Section 1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Section 3
Luther Leads the Reformation
What role did Martin Luther play in the Reformation?
Luther challenged this practice and others. He posted a protest on the door of a castle church. His words were printed and spread throughout Germany. This was the beginning of the Reformation, a movement for reform that led to the founding of new Christian churches.
Analysis
MAP- Show Europe in 1500 it shows different empires in Europe like the Holy Roman empire, France, Ottoman Empire this is important because it shows how the Holy roman empire was in the middle of of France and Hungary and Lithuania we can infer that they where able to make good trade. PRIMARY SOURCE- Primary source:The primary source shows the Renaissance of man and women.Its hows two primary source. One primary source is by Baldassare Castigilone and he talks about the type of achievement that a person who later came two be called a renaissance man. The second primary source is by Isabella D'esta and she talks about how renaissance women assumed to create art,wealthy women often were patrons of artists,as this letter demonstrates Visual-Visual: This shows the importance of Art and inventions during the Renaissance. Art during the renaissance had a sense of depth and 3D. It shows the artwork of Raphael, Da Vinci, and Michelangelo. BIOGRAPHY- Bio on Medici Family, A rivaling family grew jealous of their family and thus they wanted to kill Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano. He defeated them and become a patron of the arts, his families library was soon made public
Analysis
MAP- Shows Religions in Europe in 1560 this is important because it shows the dominant religion like Roman Catholic lutheran Islam it also shows minority religion. The primary source 1: about Martin Luther's view on the Church. He claims that it is sinful, and full of 'thieves'. This is important because it directly shows the reasoning Luther had against the church. PRIMARY SOURCE 2 : this woman named Katherina Zell during the reformation explaining all of the things shes done for the people and showing that she is not distrubing the peace. The BIOGRAPHY: is on John Calvin the creator of Calvinism. When he was in college in Paris he was influenced by some French followers. The King ordered for his arrest so he fled. He went to Geneva and started his own religion.
Who were two women who played important roles in the Reformation?
Many women played key roles in the Reformation. Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from being killed for his beliefs. Katherina von Bora was the wife of Martin Luther. She supported an equal role for women in marriage.
Council of Trent
Meeting of Roman Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers
Protestant
Member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation
Lutheran
Member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther
Presbyterian
Member of a Protestant church governed by elders and founded by John Knox
Anabaptist
Member of a Protestant group during the Reformation who believed only adults should be baptized. Also believed that church and state should be separate
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Analysis
PRIMARY SOURCE 1- 482: the text basically states that money is worth more than human life, since it proves more useful. Humans cannot survive without iron as they cannot without fire and water. This shows that people may have had a pessimistic view of Humans. PRIMARY SOURCE- This is a Primary Source by William Shakespeare it talks about how noble in reason how infinite in faculties form and moving this is important because it shows like a god the beuuty of the world the paragon of animals. Visual
patrons
People who financially supported artists
Renaissance
Period of rebirth of art and learning in Europe lasting from about 1300 to 1600
Why did Luther's ideas lead to war?
Pope Leo X punished Luther for his views, but he refused to change them. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a strong Catholic, called Luther an outlaw. Luther's books were burned. But it was too late.
What effects did the printing press have on northern European life?
Printing made it easier to make many copies of a book. As a result, written works became available far and wide. Books were printed in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German. More people began to read. The Bible was a popular book. After reading the Bible, some people formed new ideas about Christianity. These ideas were different from the official teachings of the Church.
What kinds of changes did Church critics want to make?
Reformers urged the Church to change its ways to become more spiritual and humble. Christian humanists such as Erasmus and Thomas More added their voices to calls for change. In the early 1500s, the calls grew louder.
Anglican
Relating to the Church of England
indulgence
Release from punishments due for a sin
Calvinism
Religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin
How did the methods and subjects in art change?
Renaissance artists sometimes used new methods. Sculptors made figures more realistic than those from the Middle Ages. Painters used perspective to create the illusion that their paintings were three- dimensional. The subject of artwork changed also. Art in the Middle Ages was mostly religious. Renaissance artists reproduced other views of life. Michelangelo showed great skill as an architect, a sculptor, and a painter.
Section 2
The Northern Renaissance
Section 4
The Reformation Continues
What was the result of the declining authority of the church?
The Reformation caused an overall decline in the authority of the church. As a result, individual monarchs and states gained greater power. This in turn led to the development of modern nation-states.
Aim Ans
The Renaissance idea spread by the printing press and share of significant art, literature, and learning. Science and Technology The invention of the printing press helped tospread Renaissance ideas throughout Europe.
Aim asnwer
The cause is people were challenging the church due to more wealth the had. The effect of that is that social political economic and religious for he influence of the Renaissance caused questioning of the church, and The printing press caused the spreading of these ideas. Merchants Bankers and Kings also resented the church. This caused civil unrest between people with differing ideas.
AIM Ans
The further change in protestonism and the catholic reformation There was a shift in power. Some places have theocracy, and others show more political control like kings, or merchants. The council of trend decided that the Church needed to be reformed.
What did Renaissance writers write about?
They began to express their own thoughts and feelings. Sometimes they gave a detailed look at an individual. Dante and others wrote poetry, letters, and stories that were more realistic. Niccoló Machiavelli took a new approach to understanding government. He focused on telling rulers how to expand their power. He believed rulers should do what was politically effective, even if it was not morally right.
What are three reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy?
This rebirth spread north from Italy. It began there for three reasons. First, Italy had several important cities. Cities were places where people exchanged ideas. Second, these cities included a class of merchants and bankers who were becoming wealthy and powerful. This class strongly believed in the idea of individual achievement. Third, Italian artists and scholars were inspired by the ruined buildings and other reminders of classical Rome.
vernacular
Use of native language instead of classical Latin
Analysis
Visual- Shows the division of Christian church this is important because it shows a chart of the Early Christian church for example it shows East-west schism (1054) had the eastern orthodoxy and roman Catholicism. and for The Reformation (16th century) had protestantism. PRIMARY:Luther is explaining his belief about the church and he is very stern and strong . Nothing could alter what he thinks . This is important because this is what Luther was known and famous for . The biography is telling the life of Queen Elizabeth the first. It is explaining how strong-willed and stubborn she was like to her father. This is important because in her life and ruling she was much like his father and she would continuously follow her fathers footsteps. CHART: The Chart shows the reasons that the church needed to be reformed. They included Social, Political, Economical, Religious reasons. The new involvement in humanism caused people to question the morals of the church. The press spread these ideas. Political monarchs challenged the authority of the Pope. Greed also became a problem in the church, people felt that the priest were unholy. Spiritual leaders also became corrupted, by wealth and power.
Aim
What did renaissance idea spread
AIM
What were cause and effects of the protestant reformation
AIm
What were further changes i protestontism and the catholic reformation
AIM
What were the origins and innovation of the early renaissance?
Who were two of the most famous writers of the northern Renaissance?
William Shakespeare and Thomas More