Chapter 17 Social Studies
Europeans first bought enslaved people from ________ merchants in return for gold and other goods.
African
The _________ dominated the spice trade in the ________________ century.
Dutch 17th
European colonial expansion helped produce a great increase in European trade, and growth was a key step in the development of a world ___________.
Economy
The exchange of _________ and animals between Europe and _______________ significantly changed economic activity in both regions.
Plants The Americas
As many as ____ million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the early 1500's and the late 1800's.
10
Plantations that were established in the Americas in the _______ to grow _____________ needed many laborers.
1500's Sugarcane
Who were two important explorers for Portugal, and what did they accomplish?
Bartholomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama sailed around the tip of Africa to reach India.
How did European exploration affect European nations politically and economically?
Conquest, competition, and trade led to significant economic and political growth. Portugal took control of the spice trade, the Spanish conquered the Aztec and the Inca; the Dutch, French, and the English explored and settle in North America.
Who were two important explorers for Spain, and what did they accomplish?
Columbus reached all the major Caribbean islands and Central America, Magellan is remembered for being the first to sail completely around the globe.
What did Europeans hope to accomplish on their voyages?
Europeans hoped to expand trade for spices, which yielded large profits; to find precious metals; and to convert any people they encountered to Christianity.
Who was Francisco Pizarro, and what did he do?
Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish explorer who established a new capital at Lima after the conquest of Inca in Peru.
In the seventeenth century, the __________ and the ___________ established trading posts and forts in India.
French English
Who was Marco Polo, and why was he important?
He was an official of the Mongol ruler, he wrote stories of his journey, he was important because people found his books that he wrote and helped them gain more knowledge.
When balance of trade between what a nation _________ and what is exports is favorable, the goods exported are of ___________ value than those imported.
Imports Greater
Colonies were important as sources of raw materials and as ___________ for exports of manufactured goods.
Markets
According to the theory of _________, which dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century, the _________ of a nation depends on a large supply of gold and silver.
Mercantilism Prosperity
How were the explorers able to travel such great distances?
New, faster ships called caravels, use of the astrolabe and the magnetic compass, and knowledge of wind patterns made long voyages possible.
New food crops supported the growth of ___________ and changed people's tastes.
Population
Until the ________ condemned it in the 1770's, slavery remained largely acceptable in Europe.
Quakers
What factors helped Cortés defeat the Aztec?
Spanish weapons, the use of native peoples as allies, and European diseases helped Cortes and his soldiers defeat the Aztec.
Why did the Dutch form the West India Company?
The Dutch formed the company to search for new sources of wealth and trade opportunities. They wanted to challenge Portugal and Spain for colonial dominance and become less dependent of them.
How did European expansion create the first global economic system?
The movement of goods, people, and ideas that led to a world economy, like the millions of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas, the import and export of plants and animals of the Colombian Exchange, the spread of European diseases to native peoples, Mercantilism encouraged colonial expansion.
Where in North America did the French and the English settle?
The French settled in an area that is now part of Canada and in Louisiana. The English established successful colonies along the eastern seaboard of North America.
Regimes
a government in power
Mita
a labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work
Plantations
a large agricultural estate
Conquistadors
a leader in the Spanish conquest of America
Peninsulare
a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe
Creoles
a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently
Mercantilism
a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver
Colony
a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control
Caravel
a small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually three masts with lateen sails
Encomienda
a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers
Cultures
the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
Middle Passage
the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas
Exports
to send a product or service for sale to another country