Chapter 17 Study Guide

Explain what is meant by plasma

"dissolved items", nitrogenous by-products of metabolism, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases and hormones.

State what percentage of blood volume is made up of leukocytes

1%

List three main formed elements found in blood

1) Red blood Cells (erythrocytes) - 99.9% 2)White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - >1% 3) Platelets - 0.1 %

List the three basic proteins found in the plasma and tell where they are produced

1. Albumin 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen They are produced in the liver

Name three main functions of blood and give the eight examples covered in these three groups.

1.DISTRIBUTION of O2 and nutrients- metabolic wastes to the lungs and kidneys, hormones from endocrine organs, 2. REGULATION of body temperature- distributing and absorbing heat, normal PH by using buffers , and 3. PROTECTION- against blood loss and infection-plasma proteins initiate clot formation, WBC defend against invaders.

How long does the average erythrocyte live

100-120 days

How many hemoglobin molecules are in a single erythrocyte

250 million hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell

How many oxygen molecules (O2) can be carried by a single hemoglobin molecule

4 oxygen molecules

Give the normal White Blood Cell Count range

4,800 - 10,800

State the range of the number of erythrocytes in a normal cubic mm of blood

5 million

State the normal pH range for blood

7.35-7.45

State what is the normal temperature of blood

97.8 degrees Fahrenheit

Explain what a Complete blood cell count is

A complete blood count (CBC) gives important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood, especially red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets. A CBC helps your doctor check any symptoms, such as weakness, fatigue, or bruising, you may have. A CBC also helps him or her diagnose conditions, such as anemia, infection, and many other disorders.

Define leucopenia

Abnormally low blood cells

State the normal ratio (percentage) between the erythrocytes and the plasma.

Adult male range: 47%(+-5) Adult female range: 42% (+-5)

Describe the composition of whole blood and explain why it is considered a connective tissue.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is composed of plasma and formed elements.

State the normal life span of most formed elements

Duration of development about 15 days; Life span is 100-120 days

What do hematocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells) produce

Give rise to all formed elements- RBC, WBCs, Platelets

Explain the role of Wright's stain in differentiating granulocytes from agranulocytes

Granulocytes can be easily differentiated by the color of their granules when stained with Wright's stain.

Describe the structural make up and name the components of a hemoglobin molecule.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing pigment of the red blood cells that functions to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Two alpha chains, two non-alpha globin chains, and four heme groups (iron plus a protoporphyrin ring)

Describe where hematopoiesis occurs

In the red bone marrow in the axial skeleton

Explain what is meant by "Formed elements"

Include: Erythrocytes (no nuclei or organelles), Leukocytes (complete cells), and platelets (cell fragments). Formed elements are formed in bone marrow & dont divide, also only survive a few days in bloodstream

List the 3 main layers of a hematocrit and describe the contents of those layers.

Leukocytes-, platelets, and plasma

State the normal amount of blood in males and females

Males: 5-6 Liters and Females: 4-5 Liters

Describe a "hematocrit"

Measures the percentage of RBC

Give the normal range for the hemoglobin concentration in blood

Men: 13.8 - 17.2 g/dL Women: 12.1 - 15.1 g/dL

Name the two agranulocytes

Monocytes and Lymphocytes.

Arrange the five leucocytes in order of their normal concentrations in the blood (Never let monkey eat bananas)

Neutrophil: 3000-7000 Lymphocyte: 1500-3000 Monocyte: 100-700 Eosinophil: 100-400 Basophil: 20-50

Describe the three granulocytes and describe their basic functions

Neutrophils are the most numerous white blood cells and contain the nuclei with one to five lobes. The main function of neutrophil is to destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. Eosinophils contain irregular shaped nuclei with two lobes, and course, uniform, round or oval shaped granules in their cytoplasm. Basophils represent the least numerous white blood cell type and contain centrally located, S-shaped nuclei. Basophils perform phagocytosis, and they release herpin and histamine, and promote the inflammatory responses in organisms.

Name the two main components of blood

Plasma and formed elements

State the percentage of water in plasma

Plasma, which is 90 percent water, constitutes 55 percent of blood volume.

Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes

Shaped like biconcave discs—flattened discs with depressed centers, RBC function is to transport respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Blood cell formation is referred to as hematopoiesis (hem ahto-poi-e sis), or hemopoiesis (hemo, hemato = blood; poiesis = to make). This process occurs in the red bone marrow

Explain the purpose of the bi-concaved shape of an erythrocyte

The bi-concave shape allows RBCs to bend and flow smoothly through the narrowest blood vessels in the body and facilitates oxygen transport.

Define luekopoiesis

The formation and development of the various types of white blood cells.

Explain what hematopoiesis is

The production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells

Explain what stimulates the rate of production of a specific type of leukocyte

The production of white blood cells, is stimulated by chemical messengers. These messengers, which can act either as paracrines or hormones, are glycoproteins that fall into two families of hematopoietic factors, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors, or CSFs. are named for the leukocyte population they stimulate

Explain what a hematocrit is

The proportion of the blood that consists of packed red blood cells. The hematocrit is expressed as a percentage by volume. The red cells are packed by centrifugation.

Describe the size and shape of an erythrocyte

The shape of a red blood cell is a biconcave disk with a flattened center

Name the three granulocytes

The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Explain what a differential white blood cell count is

The white blood cell count and differential determine the number of white blood cells and the percentage of each type of white blood cell in a person's blood.

How many iron atoms does a hemoglobin molecule have.

There are four iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin, which accordingly can bind four atoms of oxygen.

Describe the two agranulocytes and describe their basic functions

These cells do not have granules in their cytoplasm. Monocyte is the largest white blood cell type and contains horse shoe-shaped nucleus. The main function of monocyte is to carry out phagocytosis of cellular debris and foreign particles. Lymphocyte is normally the second numerous white blood cells type and contains one large, spherical nucleus.

Explain what a hemocytoblast is

They give rise to all formed elements, hormones push the cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development.

Briefly explain what anemia is

a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness..Low O2 carrying capacity to support normal metabolism

Explain what causes sickle-cell anemia and describe the defect in the erythrocyte that occurs in sickle-cell anemia

defective gene code for abnormal hemoglobin causes RBC's to become sickle shaped in low-oxygen situations

Explain why blood may appear a bright red scarlet color or a deep burgundy red color.

depending on the amount of oxygen blood is carrying, the color of blood varies scarlet; oxygen rich dark red ; oxygen poor

Give the scientific name of red blood cells

erythrocytes

Explain what a platelet is

fragments of blood cells that assist in blood clotting.

Identify the two main groups of leucocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

What is the scientific name of a white blood cell

leukocytes

What happens to the dead erythrocytes

macrophages take dying RBC's to the spleen

Describe the chemical make up of hemoglobin

made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. Globin consists of four polypeptide chains—two alpha and two beta —each binding a ringlike heme group. Each heme group bears an atom of iron set like a jewel in its center . A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen.

Tell what other solutes are found dissolved in the plasma

nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and products of cell activity, ions, and proteins.

Describe what plasma looks like

straw-colored, sticky fluid Although it is mostly water (about 90%), plasma contains over 100 different dissolved solutes, including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and products of cell activity, ions, and proteins.

Describe the function of a platelet

they assist by sticking to the damaged site, platelets form a temporary plug that helps seal the break.

Describe leucocytosis

too much white blood cells

Explain what can cause anemia

blood loss, not enough red blood cells produced, or too many of them destroyed

Explain why white blood cells are sometimes considered the only formed elements that are true cells

considered true cells because they have nuclei and organelles

Explain how granulocytes differ from agranulocytes

• Granulocytes consist of eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils whereas lymphocytes and monocytes are the two types of agranulocytes. • Granulocytes contain nuclei with lobes, while granulocytes do not have lobed nuclei.