Chapter 17: The First World War

Entrente cordiale

(1904) France accepts British rule in Sudan, British recognizes French control in Morocco

Fourteen Points

1. Open alliances, agreements and annotations 2. Open territory of seas (anyone can sail across the sea and no one can own) 3. Remove economic barriers and establish equal trade 4. No more military equipment then needed 5. Changing/equalizing colonies 6. All nations need to respect Russia 7. Restore Belgium to what it was before 8. Alsas-Loraine needs to go back to France 9. Different ethnic groups have their own rights 10. Austria-Hungary will see safe guard 11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated 12. Turkish portion should be secured a sovereignty 13. Independent Poland is back 14. Wants a league of nations to prevent further conflict

Battle of the Somme

420,000 British losses, 200,000 French losses, 650,000 German losses, Trench Warfare lead to much death, tanks were used at the Battle to smash down barbed wire fences but had little effect

Battles of Tannenberg Battle of Jutland

Battle of Tannenberg was one of the first battles of World War I started when Russian troops attempted to invade German territory in a multi-pronged ambush, Battle of Jutland took place in the North Sea between the German High Seas Fleet and British Grand Fleet on the afternoon and evening of 31 May 1916, continuing sporadically through the night into the early hours of 1 June

Clemenceau Orlando

Big Four is also known as the Council of Four. It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France, Central powers excluded from negotiations as France was concerned about future security, Italy left angry because could not get Austrian and Balkan territory

Central Powers

Central Powers were the Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany, Austria- Italy wants support for its ambitions in Mediterranean and Africa, sought peace based on President Woodrow Wilson's 14 points (believing they would get fair treatment)

Pétain

French general who was a national hero for his victory at the Battle of Verdun in World War I but was discredited as chief of state of the French government at Vichy in World War II. He died under sentence in a prison fortress

Moltke

German Marshall: Moltke the Younger, was a nephew of Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke and served as the Chief of the German General Staff from 1906 to 1914

Hindenburg

Hindenburg disaster occurred on May 6, 1937, as the German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock at Naval Air Station Lakehurst of the 97 people on board (36 passengers and 61 crewmen), there were 35 fatalities (13 passengers and 22 crewmen). One worker on the ground was also killed, raising the final death toll to 36

Blank check

Kaiser Wilhelm II pledges unwavering support to Austria to PUNISHSerbia ("the blank check") "do what you want"

First Balkan war

Serbia and Greece declare war on Ottoman Empire, this war heralded the onset of World War I. On May 30, 1913 a peace treaty is signed ending the First Balkan War, in which the newly aligned Slavic nations of Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Greece had driven Turkish forces out of Macedonia

Battle of Verdun

Trench Warfare, 540,000 French losses, 430,000 German losses

The Lusitania

U-Boat sank a British passenger liner (kills 128 Americans)- turns public opinion in US against Germany

Franco-Russian Alliance

a political and military pact that developed between France and Russia from friendly contacts in 1891 to a secret treaty in 1894; it became one of the basic European alignments of the pre-World War I era

Walter Rathenau

a talented foresighted Jewish industrialist who was in charge of Germany's largest electric company. He convinced the government to set up the war raw materials board to ration and distribute, all of this went towards powerful war machines, two months after the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo he was assasinated

Rhineland

allied occupation of the Rhineland took place following the agreement that brought the fighting of World War I to a close on 11 November 1918. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces

Wilfred Owen

an English poet who fought in World War I and whose poems are about the horrors of war and its causes, he was killed a week before the end of the war, and his poems were published two years afterward

Planned economy

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government

W.B. Years

as an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, he helped to found the Abbey Theatre, and in his later years served as an Irish Senator for two terms

War guilt clause

as the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers

Triple Entente

association between Great Britain, France, and Russia, the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I. It developed from the Franco-Russian alliance that gradually developed and was formalized in 1894 during WW1. Were allies who were later joined by Japan, Italy, Romania, and the U.S.

Armenian deportations

during World War I, Mehmed Talat, the Ottoman minister of the interior, announces that all Armenians living near the battlefield zones in eastern Anatolia (under Ottoman rule) will be deported to Syria and Mosul, Large-scale deportations began five days later, after the decision was sanctioned by the Ottoman council of ministers

War Socialism

has been regarded as sufficiently argued for and justified with reference mostly to the emergency created by the war, such does not demand a [centrally] organized economy

South Slavs

inhabit a contiguous region in the Balkan Peninsula and the eastern Alps, and in the modern era are geographically separated from the body of West Slavic and East Slavic people by the Romanians, Hungarians, and Austrians in between

Covenant of the League of Nations

is the section calling for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external aggression. It was signed by the major Peacemakers (Allied Forces) following the First World War, most notably Britain and France

Sudeten Germans

n the early 20th century, were ethnic Germans living in the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Margraviate of Moravia (parts of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown) both of which came under jurisdiction of the state of Czechoslovakia in the aftermath of the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I and the subsequent failure to create German Austria

Anglo-Russian Convention

the Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. It portrayed spheres of influence in Persia, demanded that neither country would interfere in Tibet's internal affairs, and recognized Britain's influence over Afghanistan

Mandantes

the authority to carry out a policy or course of action, regarded as given by the electorate to a candidate or party that is victorious in an election

Zimmermann telegram

through this telegram caused U.S. to join war as Germany offered Mexico it's land back from the U.S.

Dardanelles

took place against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Ships of the Royal Navy, French Marine national, Imperial Russian Navy and the Royal Australian Navy, attempted to force the defenses of the Dardanelles Straits

Lloyd George

was a British statesman of the Liberal Party. As Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908-1915), Lloyd George was a key figure in the introduction of many reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state

Ferdinand Foch

was a French general and military theorist who served as the Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War. An aggressive, even reckless commander at the First Marne, Flanders, and Artois campaigns of 1914-1916, Foch became the Allied Commander-in-Chief in 1918

Joffre

was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916, he is best known for regrouping the retreating allied armies to defeat the Germans at the strategically decisive First Battle of the Marne in September 1914

Lunderdorff

was a German general, the victor of the Battle of Liège and the Battle of Tannenberg. From August 1916, his appointment as Quartermaster general made him the leader (along with Paul von Hindenburg) of the German war efforts during World War I

Battle of Caporetto

was a battle on the Austro-Italian front of World War I. The battle was fought between the Entente and the Central Powers and took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of Kobarid

Passchendaele

was a city in the western part of Belgium, where there occurred a prolonged episode of trench warfare involving appalling loss of life during the First World War in 1917, which later became known as the third Battle of Ypres

Sarajevo crisis

was a diplomatic crisis among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that led to World War I. The crisis was set in motion on June 28, 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Slavic nationalist, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo.

Mutiny at Kiel

was a major revolt by sailors of the German High Seas Fleet on November 3rd 1918., the revolt triggered the German revolution which was to sweep aside the monarchy within a few days, it eventually led to the end of the German Empire and to the establishment of the Weimar Republic

Treaty of Brestlitovsk

was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I

Triple Alliance

was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria-Hungary had been closely allied since 1879. These countries were known as the Central Powers

Polish Corridor

was a territory located in the region of Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship, eastern Pomerania, formerly part of West Prussia), which provided the Second Republic of Poland (1920-1939) with access to the Baltic Sea, thus dividing the bulk of Germany from the province of East Prussia

Siegfried Sassoon

was an English poet, writer, and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front, he became one of the leading poets of the First World War, his poetry both described the horrors of the trenches

Tangier

was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco. The crisis worsened German relations with both France and the United Kingdom, and helped enhance the new Anglo-French Entente