Chapter 17

True or false: Centenarians in the United States are more common today than they will likely be n 2050.

False (Projections are that there will be nearly 600,000 centenarians by 2050)

True or false: Although there are individual differences, research shows that seeing, hearing, and other aspects of sensory functioning are linked with the ability to perform everyday activities.

True

Nobel chemist Linus Pauling argued that ___ slows the aging process.

Vitamin C

The ethnicity difference in life expectancy has been ___ in recent years, likely because and some experts argue that closing the gap may not be possible.

Widening.

Perls refers to the process of staving off high-mortality chronic diseases until much later age than usual as ___

compression of morbidity

Sara is 90 years old today. Her mother lived to 98 and her father lived to be 97. This examples the role biological ___ play in longevity of life.

genes

Aging researcher Roy Walford fasted two days a week because:

he believed calorie restriction slowed aging process

Differences in life expectancies by countries are due to:

health conditions & medical care throughout the life span.

___ stress theory states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and disease.

hormonal

The two most common chronic disorders in late adulthood are arthritis and ___.

hypertension

Research has found that exercise can ___ the immune system in aging adults.

improve

Resistant hypertension is ___ in the United States.

increasing

According to the evolutionary theory of aging, natural selection has not eliminate many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults because natural selection ___.

is linked to reproductive fitness

In late adulthood, dark adaptation (the recovery of vision when moving from a well-lighted room into semidarkness) ___

is slower

Color vision in later adulthood may decline because of a yellowing of the ___ of the eye.

lens

In which of the following regions of the brain have researcher documented that neurogenesis occurs?

The hippocampus The olfactory bulb

Which of the following are treatments for arthritis?

*Exercise* Curative medications *Pain medications* *Joint replacement* *Weight loss* Correction of vitamin deficiencies

Which of the following statements about sexuality among older women is *FALSE*?

*Women lose more years of sexually active life due to poor health than men.* The rate of sexual activity with a partner is lower for women than men. Many older men are in relationships with younger women.

Sexual changes in middle age:

-Sexual changes for women as they enter menopause -middle aged men begin to experience erectile dysfunction -couples engage less frequently in sexual intercourse

Supercentenarians:

110-119 years of age

Sixty-five-year-olds in the U.S. today can expect to live an average of ___ more years.

18.6 (19.9 for females, 17.2 for males.)

Since ___ improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle have increased our life expectancy by an average of ___ years.

1900; 30

Older adults who are 100 yrs of age can only expect to live an average of ___ years longer.

2.3

Lung capacity drops ___ between the ages of 20 and 80.

40%

Early middle age

40-54

On average, the brain loses ___ of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90.

5-10%

There are about ___% of older adults who complain of difficulties with sleep.

50

The U.S. ranked ___ out of 221 countries in life expectancy in 2011.

50th (@78 yrs)

According to research, ___ of people age 65 to 75 are sexually active.

53%

Late middle age

55-65

By the time adults are 75 years of age, more than ___ percent of the population is female.

61% (for those 85 and over it is almost 70%)

Some researchers classify people by age. People between the ages of ___ are classified as young-old.

65 and 84

The average life expectancy of individuals born in 2013 in the U.S was ___ years.

78.8

In 2013 the overall life expectancy for women was ___, and for men it was ___.

81.2; 76.4

Researchers have found that dendritic growth no longer occurs in people in their ___.

90's

Mitochondrial theory of aging

Aging is caused by decay of tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth and repair.

Hormonal stress theory of aging

Aging lowers resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

Free-radical theory of aging

Aging occurs because cells produce unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA

Cellular clock theory of aging

Aging results in cells becoming less capable of dividing and telomeres becoming shorter

What can 35-year-old Lucy do to avoid osteoporosis?

Avoid smoking Exercise regularly Eat foods rich in calcium

What aspects of nutrition are especially important for older adults?

Avoiding overweight and obesity The role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life Getting adequate nutrition.

The most common areas of pain reported by older adults is ___

Back Joint Neuropathic

Researchers have found that ___ reduces oxidative damage caused by free radicals.

Calorie restriction

Which of the following together account for 60% of deaths in older adults?

Cancer Heart disease

Mary is 82 years old and having difficulty with her driving skills. She wants to keep driving as long as possible. Mary knows it will help her driving capabilities if she does which of the following?

Choose less congested routes Drive only in daylight Drive shorter distances

Betty is an 85-year-old health educator. She walks every day because she recognizes that, according to research, regular walking helps with which of the following.

Decrease the onset of physical disability Preserve mobility Reduce functional limitations

In older men, orgasm occurs ___.

Every second or third attempt.

Which theory of aging supports the idea that if Alzheimer disease occurred earlier in development, it might have been eliminated many centuries ago?

Evolutionary theory

Which of the following are true of glaucoma?

If untreated, it can destroy a person's vision It can be treated with eyedrops.

Increased longevity is also attributed to substantial reduction in ___ in recent decades.

Infant deaths

The term ___ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live.

Life span.

A person's biological genes play a big role in predicting ___ of life.

Longevity

Among the factors in the NECS that are associated with living to be 100 are ___ and ___.

Longevity genes; the ability to cope effectively with stress.

The Georgia Centenarian study was conducted by Leonard Poon and concluded that physical health impairment and fewer social resources were linked to ___ subjective well-being.

Lower

___ degeneration is a disease that involves deterioration of the focal center of the visual field.

Macular.

The NECS found that chronic high-mortality diseases are ___ for many years in centenarians.

Markedly delayed (many not experiencing disability until near end of life)

The ___ theory of aging states that aging is due to the decay of tiny bodies within cells that supply the necessary energy for function, growth, and repair.

Mitochondrial

The ___ began in 1994 under the direction of Thomas Perls and his colleagues.

New England Centenarian Study (NECS)

Marty's grandmother walks with a marked stoop. This is most likely caused by ___.

Osteoporosis

What is one of the main reasons that some adults with partners do not have sex?

Partner's poor physical health.

Which of the following statements regarding sleep in late adulthood is *FALSE*?

Poor sleep can result in earlier death. *Using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults' sleep causes more harm than good.* More time in sleep benefits older adults' memory and their cognitive skills. Staying active during the day will improve older adults' sleep.

Sleep becomes more ___ in middle age.

Problematic

Many of the visual problems in older adults result from a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the ___.

Retina

The longest average longevity in the U.S. belongs to ___, who have a life expectancy of 88 years.

Seventh Day Adventists.

Older adults experience which of the following visual changes as they age?

Slower dark adaptation Problems with glare Diseases with the eye

Which of the following are typical in terms of physical appearance and movement in aging adults?

Wrinkles and age spots Bone loss Mobility problems

Life span has remained ___ since beginning of recorded history

approximately 120-125 years of age

T. Boone Pickens is 85 years old, he engages in complex cognitive tasks, and is in good physical shape. This man i an example of the individual differences of how the ___ changes in older adults.

brain

Georgia Centenarian study found...

centenarians are assertive and forceful, high on dominance and imagination, low on conformity, high on problem solving but lower on intelligence, likely to use religion as a coping device moderate and healthy eaters

___ diseases (those with a slow onset and long duration) are rare in early adulthood, increase in middle adulthood, and become more common in late adulthood

chronic

Cellular ___ theory, aka telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75-80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.

clock

Middle age is a time of ___

declining physical skills. (loss of height, impaired vision & hearing, & reduced cardiovascular functioning).

One harmful change in eating behavior in older adults is a ___ snacking between meals which results in weight change.

decrease in

Alice, who is 75, lives independently but sometimes has difficulty perceiving where steps or curbs are. This situation illustrates a problem with ___ in later adulthood.

depth perception

The sex that is more likely to report having pain in older adulthood is ___ (males/females).

females

Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to disorders?

free-radical theory

Some researchers prefer the idea of classifying older people by ___ age, which means that the person's chronological age is not the basis of classification. Instead, classification is based on what they are capable of doing.

functional

A 2016 study shows that older adults experience a greater decline in ___ than they do a decline in ___.

taste; smell

The number of years that a person born in a particular year will probably live is called ___.

life expectancy.

Some research on older adults' sensitivity to touch found that older adults are less sensitive to touch on their ___ (lower/upper) extremities than on their ___ (lower/upper) extremities.

lower; upper

One reason that aging experts are concerned with substance abuse in late adulthood is that many older adults take multiple ___, which may not be compatible with alcohol.

medications

As adults age, their vision changes, and ___ becomes more difficult because tolerance for glare diminishes.

night driving

Alvin is 88 years old, so some researchers would classify him as ___ old.

oldest-old

Beginning in their 30's women ___ men.

outnumber

In the Mankato Nun Study, ___ early in adulthood were linked to longevity.

positive emotions

The chemical resveratrol, which may promote DNA repair and trigger other beneficial processes in older adults is found in ___.

red wine.

The proportion of individuals at different ages has become increasingly ___.

siminlar

What is the treatment for cataracts?

surgical removal

Color vision may decline with age due to a ___ of the lens of the eye.

yellowing