Chapter 17/18 LEQ's

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(1) First Body Paragraph During the 17th century the scientific revolution was spread by many ways that lead it to gain popularity. One of the many ways it spread was through the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg . The printing press allowed the proliferation of information across continents. With more and more people becoming literate, texts and pamphlets became more widely accessible. Second another way which it spread was through the Latin language. Which was a close to unifying language as Europe had.It helped spread ideas between cultures. Ironically, it was the churches insistence on Latin instruction , Which allowed this to happen

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In spite of All the advances in literary, astrology, science, medicine, and thinking, the common European had no idea how to interpret new findings in the world of science. Furthermore, most of the citizens did not come close to the intellectual background as the greatest minds of their time. When the scientific revolution began to just prove past ideals and new ideas were shown to the world many experience trepidation

Transform the way Europeans perceive the world around them. Discuss the change in detail. How did this new way of thinking spread?

Intro paragraph The scientific revolution marked the birth of modern science. Discoveries of inventions help scientists study the natural world. The scientific revolution had broad effects on society, changing ideas about the physical world, human behavior, and religion. Europeans developed a new way of gaining knowledge, leading to a scientific revolution that changed the way people thought about the world. Through the spread and gaining of popularity of the scientific revolution, the way people thought about the world changed.

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Many societal and cultural changes occurred during The Enlightenment, some as a result of the philosophical changes, others precipitating them. Private societies of inquiries into natural philosophy, such as the Royal Society of London, formed. Coffee houses became fashionable meeting places of intellectuals to debate and discuss popular or revolutionary ideas. Salons and social event's such as dinner parties became cultural cusps of intellectual discourse. The historian Paul Johnson celebrates one unsung group heroes of The Enlightenment, eminent ladies and wives of eminent men who arranged the complex social gatherings; navigating the maze of social customs and personal rivalries to bring the best and the brightest - who were often the most temperamental - together, fermenting some of the greatest ideas in history. (Johnson - Heroes) Debating societies and scientific organizations formed by the dozens, all of these cultivating the open intellectual discourse that fueled The Enlightenment.

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The "Age of Enlightenment" embodied tremendous intellectual and social advancement. Centered on the eighteenth century, The Enlightenment was a movement in philosophy, and fundamentally within western philosophy. Historically, philosophical treatises of both east and west focused on religious or emotional foundations of received authority from ancient texts - either divinely inspired or authored by philosophers. The Enlightenment was a dramatic shift in philosophy toward a worldview based on reason and manifested as the right to question received authority and to re-define the moral and political realms of philosophy historically relegated only to religion.

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The Scientific Revolution was a time of new discoveries and significant advances that changed the European world. The Scientific Revolution revealed new theories that changed European beliefs. The Scientific Revolution was filled with many new discoveries and ideas from many inspirational scientists such as, Galileo Galilei who made significant advances in astronomy, and Isaac Newton who worked on perfecting the laws of motion. All the great revolutionary advances in science influenced Europe The Scientific Revolution in Europe produced a large flow of discoveries that changed European thought. These discoveries were in astronomy, optics, the science of motion, mathematics, and the field of physics. To prove these discoveries, scientists used the scientific method which helped establish facts. One scientist named Nicolaus Copernicus did prove a new discovery to be true. Copernicus argued that the sun was the center of our solar system and not the Earth. Galileo's observations and his laws of motion also supported the theories of Copernicus. However, he had to claim he didn't agree with Copernicus for the sake of the church. "With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error...contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert...anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me." Galileo Galilei, quoted in The Discoveries The Scientific Revolution shifted away from religious beliefs and focused more on the scientific and mathematical facts.

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The desire to reform thought, society, and government for the sake of human liberty and their faith in the capacity of improvement for humankind compelled the philosophes to pursue the effort of popularizing The enlightenment. They wanted to spread knowledge that would change the world. They were also committed to the fundamental reform society which gave a reason for them to pursue this effort. Limitations by theologians on their independence was also another motive. Since organized Philosophy got in the way of truly and soulfully enlightened using reasons they wanted to break away from this. To do this they would need others to think in an enlightened way, adding to the many compiling reasons they pursued this enlightenment.

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Through various writings books, pamphlets, plays, novels, encyclopedias, newspapers, periodicals, and salon conversations help spread the popularity of The enlightenment. For example, René Descartes' rationalist philosophy laid the foundation for enlightenment thinking. His attempt to construct the sciences on a secure metaphysical foundation was not as successful as his method of doubt applied in philosophic areas leading to a dualistic doctrine of mind and matter. His skepticism was refined by John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) and David Hume's writings in the 1740s. His dualism was challenged by Spinoza's uncompromising assertion of the unity of matter in his Tractatus (1670) and Ethics (1677).Through these works the enlightenment gained popularity. Thus as a result more works would come in and it was an on going process of of progress. The enlightenment spread through many ways that helped change the way of thinking.