chapter 18
children adjustment divorce
Adjustment is made easier when parents take special care to explain the divorce and allow children to express their feelings.
in group
"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
edward thorndike
coined the halo and devil effect
In some cultures, _____ is an indication of wealth and fertility
excess weight
social context
includes the real, imaged, or symbolic presence of other people , the activities and interactions that take place among people, the settings in which behavior occurs and the expectations and social norms governing behavior in a given setting
deindividualization
loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster action and anonymity
A new student at a high school is displaying normative conformity by all of the following EXCEPT:
sitting alone in the cafe
utility value
the ability of a person or participant to help another achieve his or her goals
stimulation value
the ability of a person or participant to interest or expose another to new ideas and experiences
ego support value
the ability of a person to provide another person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval
self fulfilling prophecy
the way you act toward someone changes depending on your impression of them and this in turn affects how they interact with you **
true or false statement
these initial judgements may influence us more than later information does
true or false statement
these needs, acquired through social learning, can only be satisfied by other human beings
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others **
Situationism
view that says environmental conditions influence people's behavior as much or more than their personal disposition does
kurt lewin
was the father of social psychology. He developed the equation that behavior is a function of a person's character plus their environment.well-known for his work with the American Jewish Council to reduce anti-semitism. He studied prejudice and the use of persuasion and military propaganda. **
social exchange theory
we work towards balancing the amount of effort that parties are putting into social relationships; continue to help others until we feel we are not getting the same in return **
devil effect
when a negative trait can impact opinions about other aspects of a person
mere exposure effect
states the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it; advertising- more is better **
stanford prison experiment
study conducted to investigate the effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard and role playing
social facilitation
tendency for improved performance of tasks in the presence of others (competition) generally because of heightened state of awareness **
social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal **
actor observor bias
tendency to attribute one's own behavior to outside causes but attribute the behavior of others to internal causes
complementarity
the attraction that often develops between opposite types of people because of the ability of one to supply what the other lacks **
In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, the participants believed the responsibility for the shocks fell to:
the authority figure
physical proximity
the distance of one person to another person
separation shock
the free time a person desperately wanted but now has no idea how to fill; the period of mourning that people go through a divorce until they realize they have survived first step towards adjusting to divorce
group think
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic view of the alternatives; Tendency for a cohesive group to move toward consensus and conformity, rather than what may be the best action or plan. **
body language
the process of conveying a message from a sender to a receiver using space, body language, and facial expressions
schema
the set of assumption about a person or an event
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present;crowds diminishes feelings of individual responsibility **
conformity
the tendency for people to adapt their behaviors, attitudes and opinions to fit the actions of other members
primacy effect
the tendency to form opinions about others based on first impressions
self serving bias
the tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors
generational identity
the theory that people of different ages tend to think differently about certain issues because of different formative experiences
In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, many participants administered the shocks because:
they respected the professor's authority
group polarization
when members of a group have similar ,though not identical views about a topic and discuss them, their opinions become more extreme; When a dominant view surfaces as a result of group discussion. **
self disclosure
when one shares a piece of personal information with another, close relationships built through it, intimacy involves one reciprocating a facet of his or her life. *
two reasons we need to be with others
when we are afraid/anxious or when we are unsure of ourselves and want to compare our feelings with other people
external attribution
you attributed or related behavior to an outside cause
Which of the following statements is LEAST representative of social psychology?
It is a field that specializes in how people see themselves in relation to psychology.
soloman asche
Psychologist who conducted a study where the subjects (who were on the inside of the experiment) all gave a wrong answer about the length of a line to see if the one person who was not in on the experiment would conform to social pressures. *
social psychology
a broad field of psychology that seeks to explain how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others **
halo effect
a cognitive bias in which an observer's overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influenced the observers feelings and thoughts about the entity's character or properties; **
cognitive dissonance
a highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes
stereotypes
a set of assumptions about people in a given category, either positive or negative, often based on half-truths and nontruths
social cognition
a subfield of social psychology that focuses on cognitive processes and how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions
dispositionism
a view that says internal factors (genes, traits, character, qualities) influence our behavior more than the situation we are in
social responsibility norms
an expectation that people will help those needing their help **
fundamental attribution error
an inclination to over attribute others' behavior to internal causes (dispositions factors) and discount the situational factors contributing to their behavior
true or false statement
an unattractive child is far more likely to be judged to be bad or cruel for an act of misbehavior than is a more attractive peer
just world hypothesis
assumes that judgements on performance are fair and people get the outcome that they deserve **
internal attribution
attributing or relating a behavior to a personal characteristic
out group
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup **
three ways prejudices are formed (6 point)
1. personality theory- prejudices are based on personal experiences that occur during development 2. motivational theory- drive for success motivates people to form prejudices about their competitors 3. social learning- observing others, influence of the beliefs of our peers and family
What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?
65%
Intimacy and close relationships are more easily formed with others who are likely to accept our _____.
behaviors and attitudes
social psychology includes the study of all of the following EXCEPT:
biology of the brain
normative conformity
changing our attitudes and behaviors so people will like us; acting within social norms **
Why were Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity so important?
clealy demonstrated the power of conformity
attribution theory
collection of principles based on our explanations of the causes of events, other people's behaviors, and our own behaviors
nonverbal communication
conveying messages using space, body language, and facial expression
In which of the following cultural examples would you expect a strong level of conformity?
culture where the cultural group identity is highly valued
true or false statement
if stereotypes influence our information about people, they may become self fulfilling prophecies
according to Yale psychologist Irving Janis, close-knit groups maintain solidarity by _____.
ignoring dissent
james has just been hired at XYZ Corporation. He carefully watches how his new colleagues behave in order to learn how he should behave. James is exhibiting _____.
informational conformity
four errors of judging behavior (8 points)
just world hypothesis, fundamental attribution error, the actor - observer bias, and the self serving bias.
homogany
marrying someone who has similar attributes.
endogamy
marrying someone who is from one's own social group
social identity
membership in particular groups which may determine our everyday interactions **
stanley schacter
misery loves company
three components of romantic love
need, caring, intimacy
discrimination
negative action taken against a person because of his membership in a group
A student in a classroom is exhibiting social loafing by _____.
not raising her hand when the teacher asks a question
stanley milgram
obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions **
milgram experiment
obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors.
true or false statement
obese adults are often discriminated against when applying for jobs
erik erikson
one who believed that the ways children interact with their parents early in life influence the ways they deal with people important to them in their adult lives
triangular model
passion, intimacy, committment
foot in the door method
people are morel likely to agree to a difficult request if they first agree to an easy one **
According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory, a cross country runner might _____.
perform best if he knows he's faster than his competitors
true or false statement
physically attractive people were consistently viewed more positive than less attractive ones
reactance theory
proposes that we will rebel against restrictions that limit our behavioral freedom
true or false statement
separation shock is the first step to adjusting to divorce
A professional football player who plays better when his games are nationally televised is exhibiting _____.
social facilitation
social roles
socially defined patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a given setting or group
asch effect
A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments. *
social norms
A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors in given situations
Sarah notices that just about everybody on her soccer team wears the same type of headband. Based on typical conformity patterns, why is Sarah likely to also buy this type of headband
A person is most inclined to conform with a group when he or she believes that the majority of the group is acting together.
Bill, 22 years of age, is a native of Chicago and is currently following a three year Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia. Bill is an evangelical and his family has always supported the Republican party.Who among the following will most likely be a friend to Bill?
Christopher who is following a Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia and has family who has always followed the evangelical traditions. Christopher is 23 years old and has never been to Chicago.
Each participant in Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority tested their willingness to:
Disobey their personal conscience
How might a sales professional integrate social psychology into their strategy?
He or she might incorporate persuasion techniques that have been shown to influence people.
When examining a person's behavior, why would Kurt Lewin have been interested in knowing about that person's culture and community?
Lewin believed that a person's behavior is a function of both individual character and environment.
choices of friends (12 point)
The six factors are proximity, reward values, physical appearance, approval, similarity, and complementary. Proximity is the distance from one person to another, since living closer to someone the more likely they will become friends. Reward values have different types of values: stimulation, utility, and ego-support value. These rewards are appealing to people when looking for friends. Physical appearance greatly influences the impressions of others. People tend to be attracted to those who are more attractive since people who are considered to have physical beaty are more responsive, interesting, intelligent, kind, etc. Another factor is approval. We want to be with people who agree and support us. Similarity plays a factor because people tend to choose friends whose backgrounds, attitudes, and interest are similar to their own. The final factor is complementarity which is the attraction between opposite types of people.
While deciding on how to approach a battle, an army unit that is exhibiting groupthink might ____.
endanger themselves with a risky but agreed-upon plan
true or false statement
evidence suggests that people who grow up in a violent family are likely to continue that model of behavior against their own mate or children
informational conformity
group to provide knowledge about appropriate behaviors and attitudes; the tendency to rely on group wisdom to dictate appropriate actions **
prejudice
having negative thoughts, emotions, attitudes or feelings towards an individual solely based on his membership in a particular group
Which of the following attributes indicate cross-cultural attractiveness?
having youthful facial features
Why was Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority so controversial?
he participants were asked to shock people
