Chapter 18

State of nature

" There is no place for industry... no arts; no letters; no society; and which is the worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." This quotation from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) describes the concept known as....

Jethro Tull

(1674 - 1741) Important English innovator who criticized traditional methods of farming and tried forming new, better methods through empirical research.

Explain the lives of "rural textile workers" within Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.

-A family enterprise -Lived together in small cottages -Young and old alike helped with the work -Father = "man of household," wove the cloth. -The women were the ones who spun the thread -- term for an oftentimes single woman who spun thread = "spinster"

List the three government duties according to Adam Smith.

1. Provide common defense 2. Maintain order (courts, police) 3. Provide public institutions

Economic Liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

Famine

A big problem for farmers in the 16th and 17th centuries. Unpredictable weather conditions often led to poor harvests every eight or nine years, and this unbalanced/inadequate amount of food which resulted from the bad harvests led to illnesses and other ailments. The years in which crops were bad were also called the "famine years."

Debt Peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

Textiles

A number of technological advances through the 18th century made possible the large-scale production of which of the following?

Mestizo

A person of mixed European and Native American ancestry

Cottage Industry

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.

That it took place first in France

All of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) EXCEPT?

The rise of capitalism

An immediate result of the commercial revolution that occurred with the increased productivity stimulated by the precious metals coming from the Americas was...

The Atlantic Economy

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Book written in 1776 by philosophy professor/Scottish Enlightenment leader Adam Smith. In this book, he developed the general idea of free enterprise and established the basis for modern economics. He criticized guilds for their outdated restrictions and believed instead in "free competition."

Oliver Cromwell

British guy who created the Navigation Acts, the first of which was established in 1651. The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws that controlled the import of British goods to Britain and the British colonies. Colonists could only ship their goods on British ships and to buy almost all European goods from Britain. The laws thus gave British merchants and shipowners a virtual monopoly on trade with the British colonies. Called the "Lord protector."

Sweden

By 1800, the Industrial Revolution had the greatest impact on....

Captain Cook

Claimed the east south coast of Australia (New South Wales) for England in 1770. Prisoners were the first to be transported there. In 1779 he was killed by islanders in Hawaii because of hostility from aboriginal peoples.

To permit scientific farming

Enclosures were required...

War of Spanish Succession

First round in a series of wars (which lasted from 1701 to 1763) between Britain and France, aka 7 Years War. This phase began when Louis XIV accepted the Spanish crown, which was willed to his grandson. This union of France and Spain threatened to destroy the British colonies in North America, thus leading to the fighting. In 1713, Louis XIV was forced to sign the Peace of Utrecht which ceded Spain's holdings in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to Britain.

Netherlands

Formed Dutch East India Co. in 1602, which took control of Portuguese spice trade in the Indian Ocean. The Dutch transformed the Indian Ocean trading world. However, they couldn't diversify to meet changing consumption patterns, so their hold on trade with Asia faltered. The Dutch would compete with the English for trade a lot, and eventually the English East India Co. (1600) undercut Dutch trade severely.

Seven Years War

Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America

War of Austrian Succession

Frederick the Great of Prussia took the area of Silesia from Maria Theresa of Austria. 1740-1748

Saint-Domingue

French colony on the island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1809. Part of the French portion of the Atlantic trade which imported a lot of slaves. Today we call it Haiti.

Thesis

In the 1700's, there was a movement in Great Britain to consolidate land and farm more efficiently, and it allowed nobles to control large parts of land successfully, but at the expense of leaving the poor unable to farm for a living.

Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.

In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

The British Colonial Empire

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

John Kay

Inventor of the flying shuttle (early 18th century). This invention enabled a weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand. It changed the loom structures somewhat, but aside from this the loom remained the same as it had been for much of history.

Topic 3: Disadvantages

Land is in the hands of the few. Poor now have to work for landowners for poor wages and harsh conditions. Peasants already had very little land to begin with, so this made things even worse Traditional rights were precious to the peasants. Found allies in noble landowners who didn't want to purchase fencing, causing conflicts.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and the British colonies (Starting in 1651)

What is meant by the idea of the industrious revolution? Why is it significant?

Machines did work Shift from rural to urban migration Wages = very important; shift from producing goods to earning money to buy the goods Significance: created households where all members of a family worked to earn wages instead of in a family business where the focus was on homemade goods. HELPED TO CREATE/CONTRIBUTE TO THE RISE OF CONSUMERISM

That government should not regulate or interfere with the nation's economy

Mercantilism, the prevailing economic theory of the 17th century Europe was based on all of the following ideas EXCEPT....?

Topic 2: Advantages

More efficient Able to control farming practices on individual plots of land (seed drill, better crop rotation?) More control for landowners

Creoles

People of Spanish ancestry that were born in the Americas. They prided themselves on following the European ways of life at first, but over time they came to feel that they had different interests and characteristics due to their circumstances.

Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

Capitalists and the proletariat

The Industrial Revolution created two new social classes

The main entrance of a favorable trade in order to increase the country's holdings in gold and silver

The basic idea of mercantilism was ....

Putting-Out System

The eighteenth century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.

Factory system

The expansion of the "division of labor " and of "mass production" through the development of standard parts and manufacturing processes were stimulated by....

Guilds

The guild system was the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations (aka guilds), each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers. Large amounts of urban guilds were in Paris, but German guilds were the most powerful. Guilds served social and religious functions, providing sociability and group identity. Membership was restricted only to Christian men at first, making the amount of people in guilds very small. However, Enlightenment ideals would eventually lead to the questioning of guilds (Turgot plays a part in the criticizing of guild policies), and guilds would eventually become more lenient, with even women being able to enter the workforce more (although they were restricted to jobs such as textiles and needlework)

Fallow

The idling of a field to replenish nutrients. During the agricultural revolution, the use of fallow was gradually eliminated.

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to

To increase and consolidate crop lands

The second enclosure movement, occurring in England in the 18th century was designed to....

Industrious Revolution

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption. This reduced their economic self-sufficiency, but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.

Technology

The text of Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia was centered primarily on....

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage owners. This concept was especially dominant in England.

Treaty of Paris

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.

Describe the improved farming techniques of the early Agricultural Revolution

They alternated grain with nitrogen-storing crops (like beans, peas, turnips, etc.) to eliminate fallow New organization patterns were formed to suit different soils More methodical farming came about through experimentation Crop rotations Enclosure- fencing in fields in order to farm more effectively. Hurt the poor peasants.

A large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except

Spain

Which nation dominated overseas colonization in the 16th century?

The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages?

Both legal and illegal work in guilds became more accessible to women.

Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

A socialist

Which of the following would most likely oppose laissez-faire policies in 19th century Europe....

The nobility increased its wealth

Which was NOT one of the results of the opening of the Atlantic to commerce with Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries...

What factors explain the increase in European population during the 18th century?

Women began to have more babies, and there were fewer deaths because of a decline in mortality rates. The disappearance of the Bubonic Plague helped with the decline in mortality rates, which in turn helped the population to grow. Improvements in the water supply and sewage resulted in better public health and the reduction of diseases like typhoid and typhus. The drainage of swamps helped to get reduce the insect population (like mosquitoes and flies, which spreaded diseases) People were able to safeguard the supply of food better. Many canals and roads were built during this time; this improved transportation lessened the impact of local crop failures & famine. Less of a dependence on rural workers through the commercialization of crops

D'Alembert

Diderot's collaborator in writing the encyclopedia was....

Topic 1: What it is

Enclose land so you have to purchase plots to be able to plant on it.

The wars of religion caused by the Reformation

The price Revolution of the 16th century was caused by ....

Russia

didn't believe in the agricultural revolution. They stuck with serfdom instead. Biggest increase in population in Europe in the 1700s.