Chapter 18: An Unsettled World, 1890-1914

The role of a woman is to have and raise children; she doesn't need to be educated.

"A mother should know science in order to inspire in her children great deeds and noble sentiments ... ." (Maria Eugenia Echenique, 1876)

Women can't have political equality because they are physically and emotionally weak and need to be protected.

"I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?" (Sojourner Truth, 1851)

There is women's work, and there is men's work. When women take men's jobs, they disrupt the natural order.

"Specialised work for each sex is a matter of convention. It is not mandatory. " (Bahithat al-Badiya, 1909)

Put in chronological order the events of the Boxer Uprising.

-Christian missionaries spread deep into China, seeking converts. - The Boxer movement rejected Western influence in China and provided help to the poor. - After initially challenging Boxer rebels, Qing forces joined with them and the government declared war on Western powers. - Boxers attacked Europeans, Chinese Christians, and symbols of Western influence, like telegraph lines. - Twenty thousand foreign troops beat the Boxers and forced the Qing government to sign the Boxer Protocol.

How was Sun Yat-sen related to the fall of the Qing dynasty? Put the following events in chronological order.

-Sun, who had a Western education, became disillusioned with the Qing gov during the Sino Japanese war - Sun moved to Hawaii, where he formed an active organization dedicated to Han nationalism and republican gov in China - The government's nationalization of a railroad led to military mutiny and the collapse of the Qing dynasty - Sun returned to China, and his ideas were incorporated into the new republican government, though he was not its leader

Put in chronological order the events of the Anglo-Boer War.

1) Afrikaner settlers were established in the Transvaal and Orange Free State; the British Empire claimed Cape Colony. 2) Gold was discovered in the Transvaal. 3) Fearing that the British would claim their gold, the Afrikaners used guerrilla tactics to attack Cape Colony settlers. 4) The British used concentration camps to restrain over 155,000 Afrikaner and African men, women, and children. 5) The British Empire won the war, gaining control of the gold mines of the Transvaal.

In the late nineteenth century, the media and entertainment that people purchased reflected their social status and self-perception. For example, European elites favored ______________ music, whereas the middle classes attended ______________. In Argentina, workers and elites each read ______________ that catered to their own social status.

Abstract Vaudeville shows Newspapers

Though women deserve to enjoy public spaces, some women are using this as an excuse to abandon our customs in favor of foreign ideas of womanhood.

Bahithat al-Badiya

In this illustration depicting the start of the Boxer Uprising in China, the ______________ shown on the right, are battling the ______________ troops, shown on the left.

Boxers and the Qing Japanese, European, and American

Identify how pro-imperialist Europeans interpreted conflicts between imperialist powers and Africans.

CORRECT: - Africans were naïve and made poor choices, as demonstrated by numerous revolts against better-armed Europeans - Extreme violence, like the German extermination of the Herero, was an exception, not a predictable result, of imperialism. INCORRECT: - African resistance was minimal and limited to Belgian and German colonies. - There were too many officials in the colonies; Africans would accept European rule if there were fewer Europeans in Africa.

The four feminist authors in the book's "Global Themes and Sources" section all argue in favor of women's opportunities, but their arguments demonstrate different worldviews. Which authors make modernist arguments that reject traditional values and social norms?

CORRECT: - Bahithat al-Badiya, "Industrialization and Women's Freedom in Egypt" - Qiu Jin, "Injustices to Chinese Women" INCORRECT: - Sojourner Truth, "Ain't I a Woman?" - María Eugenia Echenique, "The Emancipation of Women"

In what ways were Chinese and African responses to imperialism similar?

CORRECT: - Chinese and African peoples disagreed among themselves about the appeal of European ideas and technologies. - Chinese and African peoples persisted in armed resistance, despite imperialists' superior weaponry. INCORRECT: - Chinese and African peoples consistently rejected European trade goods. - In both China and Africa, resistance disappeared after 1900, once imperialists had established firm control in each region.

Boxer rebels expressed a view of Chinese identity by attacking people, places, and objects they saw as fundamentally not Chinese. According to the Boxers, what kinds of people, places, and items were illegitimate and foreign?

CORRECT: - Christianity - Western industrial technology - European people INCORRECT: - Buddhism - Manchu people

Which of the following choices correctly describe the Boers?

CORRECT: - Descendants of Dutch settlers, living in southern Africa - People who considered themselves the legitimate rulers of part of southern Africa INCORRECT: - Employees of the Dutch East India Company - Indigenous Africans, like the Herero, San, and Khoi peoples

Identify the methods European Americans used to maintain racial superiority in an increasingly racially diverse country.

CORRECT: - Exclusion Act of 1882 INCORRECT: - anti-Jewish pogroms - pan-Germanism

Consider all four Primary Sources in this chapter. Which authors used contemporary perceptions of African Americans to convey ideas about the status of women outside the African American community?

CORRECT: - Frances D. Gage - Qiu Jin INCORRECT: - María Eugenia Echenique - Bahithat al-Badiya

Pablo Picasso was truly a modernist. Identify the characteristics that support this statement.

CORRECT: - He borrowed from many cultures. - He rejected the Enlightenment's emphasis on realism. INCORRECT: - He explored the content of dreams in his art. - He was influenced by the work of earlier painters, like Ingres.

In what ways were imperialist approaches to Africa and China similar?

CORRECT: - Imperialists carved both Africa and China into territories over which they claimed influence or control. - Imperialists saw themselves as uplifting both Africans and Chinese by spreading their religion and values. INCORRECT: - In both Africa and China, imperialists shared advanced technologies and avoided violence in an effort to attract local support. - Imperialists left local governments in place both in China and all over Africa, ruling indirectly through established leaders.

How did racial categories interact with national identity in Latin America?

CORRECT: - The arrival of thousands of poor European immigrants in the late nineteenth century complicated racial hierarchies in Latin America. - High social status in Latin America was usually, but not always, tied to European descent INCORRECT: - It was impossible for people of African descent to achieve elite status in Latin America, just as it was impossible for people of European descent to have a low status. - People across the social spectrum in Mexico united around shared pride in defeating the Aztecs and erasing Aztec cultures.

Which conclusions can you reasonably draw from this map?

CORRECT: - The ethnic composition of the United States and the Dutch East Indies changed radically. - The population of the Russian Empire grew primarily through expansion and natural increase, not immigration. INCORRECT: - In 1900, Canada, the United States, Brazil, and Australia were the most populous countries in the world, having seen population increases of over 1,000 percent. - The British Empire prohibited people from its different global colonies from moving within the empire.

European and American nation builders developed national unity in the mid-nineteenth century. Which of the methods they employed were used by Indian nationalists to foster nationalism in South Asia?

CORRECT: - They wrote new histories of the region that focused on unified empires and shared traditions. - They developed print media and journalism, as well as public discussions of important issues INCORRECT: - They created organizations that rejected foreign manufactured products in favor of locally made artisanal products. - They created a standardized version of Hinduism by combining diverse texts, practices, and regional beliefs.

Migration from rural areas to urban centers was a widespread, formative experience for many migrants. What were the common features of the urban experience?

CORRECT: - Urban dwellers were exposed to modern transit technologies. - Urban dwellers benefited from city-supported places, like libraries and parks INCORRECT: - Urban dwellers were assured of economic success if they worked hard. - Urban dwellers no longer had to worry about diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, and alcoholism.

Though progressive reformers did address the negative effects of industrialization and urbanization, their arguments betray the prejudices of their times. Identify the progressive ideas.

CORRECT: - Urban parks offer entertainment to substitute for drinking, gambling, and hiring prostitutes. - Corrupt city governments are controlled by immigrants via "political machines." INCORRECT: - Society should be a free association of its members without the oversight of government, laws, or police. - Meat Inspection Act will protect workers from dangerous industrial accidents.

Despite frequent strikes and violent confrontations between syndicalists and police, elites in Europe and the United States preserved the established order. Did activists succeed in any way?

CORRECT: - Yes. Elites extended the vote to working-class men and some women, hoping they would vote rather than rebel. - Yes. Fear of socialist revolution caused the German government to adopt measures to protect workers and improve conditions. INCORRECT: - No. Corporations simply replaced striking workers with other laborers. - No. Governments used military force to successfully crush all syndicalist and socialist activity.

What were the primary causes of human migration in the period between 1860 and 1914?

CORRECT: - pursuit of economic opportunities - social turmoil at home INCORRECT: - the Atlantic slave trade - the desire to form new ethnically homogenous nation-states

Indian nationalist movements asserted that Indian national unity rested on both local traditions and a shared experience of British imperialism. What were the features of this shared imperial experience?

CORRECT: - railroads - government bureaucracy - eductaion INCORRECT: - coinage - universal suffrage

Diego Rivera's mural The History of Mexico graphically illustrates the complexities of nation building in Mexico. What does his mural reveal about Mexico?

CORRECT: - The language of the conquering Spaniards eventually became the language used by peasants and rebels. - Race-mixing in Mexico began with European conquest, when Spanish soldiers raped native women. INCORRECT: - Mexican independence signaled the expulsion of all people of European descent from Mexico.

United States

Chinese Exclusion Act

India

Partition based on religious affiliation

Russia

Pogroms

We are in our current debased situation because women in the past were content to give up independence, responsibility, and education.

Qiu Jin

China and Africa

Rebels tried to use special spiritual powers to ward off foreign threats.

______________ was an integral part of Russian national expansion into the steppe. First, farmers and scientists developed techniques to combat erosion. Later developments included using region-specific ______________ and lighter plowing. This region—the Ukraine—became a breadbasket to Europe, but new problems arose in the forms of ______________ and pollution from chemical fertilizers.

Soil science Crop rotations Depleted forests

Giant corporations that produced things like ______________ and textiles dominated the economies of North America and Europe. The financial world was tumultuous, as periodic busts resulted in waves of ______________ ruining many property owners. This chaos led many to call for government-controlled ______________ and increased financial regulation.

Steel Bank Closures Central Banks

Identify the group that worked to improve the lives of industrial workers.

Syndicalists

[T/F] Afro-Asian culture influenced modernism in Europe just as Western influences contributed to modernism in the East.

TRUE

[T/F] The Boxer Uprising was a conflict between two groups of European settlers in southern Africa: the Boxers and the British.

FALSE

[T/F] Workers embraced the scientific methods of "Taylorization" because it made working conditions more stable.

FALSE

East Africa (Tanzania)

German forces killed between 200,000 and 300,000 indigenous people.

China

Han rebellion against foreign rule

Indigenous peasants lost land to powerful coffee growers.

In Guatemala, Mayans tried to retain their land rights.

One-tenth of the country died in the fighting, but the movement succeeded.

In Mexico, Emilio Zapata led farmers and rural workers in the fight against the Díaz regime and its supporting oligarchy.

Spanish and U.S. troops crushed the movement.

In pre-World War I Cuba, tenant farmers tried to reclaim land from sugar-growers' estates.

What does the map reveal about the Boxer Uprising?

In the three decades before the Boxer Uprising, European influence persistently expanded into China.

South Africa

Indigenous inhabitants got drawn into a conflict between a European empire and European settlers.

Due to their current lack of education and independence, many women are demanding, manipulative, and vain.

María Eugenia Echenique

What was al-Afghani's primary message to Muslims around the world?

Muslims should overcome conflicts between Sunnism and Shiism and unite around their shared beliefs to combat imperialism.

Which statement best describes global immigration policies between the mid-nineteenth century and World War I?

With the exception of the United States' Chinese Exclusion Act, there were few limitations on international immigration.

China

Women played a prominent, mystical role in rebelling against imperialism.