chapter 18 and 19 personality of psychology

In their initial research, Holmes and Rahe found that people with the most stress points were:

most likely to have a serious illness.

Schizotypal

people feel that they are different from others or that they do not fit in with a group

People who score high on hostility:

react to frustration with disagreeable behavior. frustration means is a subjective feeling that comes when you are blocked from attaining an important goal.

Which of the following is a subtrait of Type A personality? A

time urgency

If a child exhibits no signs of conduct problems by age 16, it is:

unlikely that he or she will develop an antisocial personality disorder as an adult.

hold very high standards for themselves.

. People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are likely to:

schizotypal

A person who experiences unusual sensations that border on hallucinations most likely has _____ personality disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

A person who is preoccupied with order and strives to be perfect most likely has _____ personality disorder

avoidant personality disorder

A pervasive feeling of inadequacy and sensitivity to criticism from others is a salient feature of _____.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stressors?

A. They produce a state of feeling overwhelmed. B. They are major life events. C. They often produce opposing tendencies. D. They are uncontrollable. B

Positive emotions are thought to help with stress by:

A. broadening the scope of attention. B. helping people build up reserves of energy. C. helping people build social support networks. D. All of the answers are correct.

Problem-focused coping:

A. can generate positive emotions. B. is useful when events are controllable. C. is useful when events appear uncontrollable on the surface. D. All of the answers are correct. D

exhaustion

According to Hans Selye, people are most susceptible to illness in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model.

a categorical view of personality disorders

According to _____, a person either has a disorder or does not have a disorder. ___ holds that there is a qualitative break between abnormal and normal personalities.

extreme introversion accompanied by extremely high neuroticism

According to a dimensional model of personality disorders, _____ results in avoidant personality disorder.

perceives that an event will threat his personal goals

According to psychologist Richard Lazarus (1991), primary appraisal best refers to a cognitive event in which a person

A. The fight-or-flight response B. Primary appraisal C. Secondary appraisal D. Primary and secondary appraisal D

According to psychologist Richard Lazarus, which of the following must occur for stress to be evoked for a person?

alarm

According to the stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) proposed by Hans Selye, the _____ stage consists of the fight-or-flight response.

obsessive-compulsive

Alejandro goes to church every Sunday and is inflexible with regard to morals and ethics. He is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

the expectation that good events will be plentiful and bad events will be rare in the future.

Dispositional optimism is defined as

avoidant

Elika refuses to present a topic in psychology in front of her class. She is extremely worried about her professor's and classmates' reactions to her ideas and fears being criticized. Her refusal to present the topic is most likely a sign of _____ personality disorder.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of borderline personality disorder?

Fears of abandonment

schizotypal

Francis believes in ghosts and spends most of his time reading about ghosts and visiting haunted houses. He feels that other people are looking at him and hears murmurs that sound like his name. Francis is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

paranoid

Gerta suspects that her husband is unfaithful, even though there is no objective evidence of infidelity. She goes to great lengths to find support for her jealous beliefs and restricts his activities. She does not believe his accounts of how he spent his time or his claims of faithfulness. Gerta is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

Which of the following is most likely to be a stressful life event?

Getting married

unlikely that he or she will develop an antisocial personality disorder as an adult.

If a child exhibits no signs of conduct problems by age 16, it is:

unstable, specific, external

In the context of coping strategies and styles, optimists _____, unlike pessimists.

having higher mortality rate

In the context of management of emotions, Levy and colleagues (1985) have shown that people who keep their negative emotions to themselves are more likely than expressive persons to _____.

Narcissistic personality disorder

In the context of the erratic cluster of personality disorders, which of the following disorders is characterized by a strong need to be admired, a strong sense of self-importance, and a lack of insight into other people's feelings?

obsessive-compulsive

In the context of the prevalence rates of personality disorders, _____ personality disorder is the most common disorder.

narcissistic

In the context of the prevalence rates of personality disorders, the least common disorder is _____ personality disorder.

Bodily resources are used at an above average rate.

In the context of the stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) as proposed by Hans Selye, which of the following is a characteristic of the resistance stage?

borderline

Individuals with _____ personality disorder are most likely to engage in self-mutilating behavior or attempt suicide in their efforts to manipulate people back into their relationships.

narcissistic

Kim has an extremely strong sense of entitlement. She believes that she is the most important supervisor in her firm and expects others to constantly praise and admire her. Kim most likely has _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

Kody Scott, a gang member nicknamed "Monster," is a violent person who craves excitement, fears nothing, and has no guilt feelings. Scott most likely has _____ personality disorder.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

Lack of remorse and guilt feelings

dependent

Linda has trouble working independently and is willing to tolerate abuse and submit to unreasonable demands of her colleagues. She avoids disagreements at all costs. Linda most likely has _____ personality disorder.

creating positive events

Pausing and reflecting on something positive, such as a compliment received, a pleasing or humorous memory, or a sunset, in stressful situations are all examples of a positive coping mechanism called _____.

are insensitive to the needs of others.

People who have narcissistic personality disorder:

paranoid

People with _____ personality disorder are extremely distrustful of others and see others as constant threats.

schizoid

People with _____ personality disorder are more likely to stare at other people without initiating any social interaction.

Hostrionic

People with _____ personality disorder are often sexually provocative in inappropriate ways.

antisoical

People with _____ personality disorder have also been referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths.

borderline personality disorder

People with _____ personality disorder have unstable emotions, unstable relationships, unstable behavior, and unstable images of themselves.

schizoid

People with _____ personality disorder most likely experience little pleasure from bodily or sensory experiences, such as eating or having sex.

dependent

People with an excessive need to be taken care of most likely have _____ personality disorder.

restrict their activities to avoid potential embarrassments.

People with avoidant personality disorder:

experienced or witnessed

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop in persons who have _____ life-threatening events.

four; acute, episodic acute, traumatic, and chronic stress

Psychologists distinguish _____ varieties of stress, which are _____.

leads to heightened physiological activity.

Research suggests that inhibiting the expression of negative emotions:

if they are under chronic stress.

Research suggests that people become vulnerable to microbial infections:

histrionic personality disorder

Roger loves to be the center of attention. He usually seeks attention by being overly dramatic and changes his opinions suddenly. Roger most likely has _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

Ron is 11 years old and enjoys torturing snakes. He disobeys his parents and usually engages in acts of stealing and destroying property. Ron most likely has _____ personality disorder

emotion inhibition

Smiling when you receive a gift that you do not really like is an example of:

attention

Socially, histrionic individuals are difficult to get along with, due to their excessive need for:

antisocial

Some researchers have theorized that one cause of _____ personality disorder might be deficiency in the ability to experience fear.

immune

Stress is thought to lower the functional ability of the _____ system.

the fight-or-flight response.

The reaction of being startled with an increase in blood pressure and other physiological responses is commonly called

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type A people?

They like to work hard and achieve goals.

acutely uncomfortable in social relationships.

Unlike a schizoid person, a schizotypal person is:

primary appraisal

When a person perceives that an event is a threat to his goals, he engages in:

borderline

When children come to believe that others are not to be trusted, they are most likely to develop _____ personality disorder.

have less problem

When people express their feelings to their romantic partners, they are:

seek-attention and emotionality

Which of the following are the hallmarks of histrionic personality disorder?

Problem-focused coping

Which of the following coping mechanisms uses thoughts and behaviors to manage or solve the underlying cause of stress

Fear of criticism or disapproval

Which of the following is a key characteristic of avoidant personality disorder?

They show devotion to work at the expense of leisure and friendships.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? A

They are odd and eccentric and may believe in magic.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of people with schizotypal personalities?

They often appear inept or socially clumsy. Ac

Which of the following is a key characteristic of schizoid people?

Antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following personality disorders has the most disparate gender distribution, which occurs in men with a prevalence rate of about 4.5 percent and in women at only about a

Although narcissists have high self-esteem, their grandiose self-esteem is actually quite fragile

Which of the following statements best describes the narcissistic paradox?

antisocial

While walking past a toy car in a store, Mark had an impulsive desire to steal it and quickly slipped it into his pocket. When he was arrested, he lied to the store manager that he did not steal the toy car and it must have been placed in his pocket by someone else. Mark most likely has _____ personality disorder.

Optimists

_ perceive that they are at a lower risk for negative events than an average person.

Antisocial personality disorder is associated with:

aggression and cruelty in childhood.

Many researchers believe that borderline personality disorder is caused by:

an early loss of love from parents.

Research suggests that disclosing traumatic events:

increases physiological arousal during disclosure. B. improves physical health. C. reduces the likelihood of depression. D. All of the answers are correct.

The lives of persons with borderline personality disorder are primarily marked by:

instability.

internal and global

internal and global A person with a pessimistic explanatory style makes _____ explanations for bad events.

positive reappraisal

is a cognitive process whereby a person focuses on the good in what is happening or has happened.

Pathological jealousy

is a common manifestation of paranoid personality disorder.

personality disorders

is an enduring pattern of experience and behavior that differs greatly from the expectations of an individual's culture.

dimensional view of personality disorders, each disorder:

is seen as a continuum, ranging from normality at one end to severe disability or disturbance at the other. a reliable and meaningful way

In the context of the lethal component of the Type A behavior pattern, people in hostility are _____.

likely to react disagreeably to disappointments

histrionic

woman who wears excessive makeup, has an overly elaborate hairstyle, and dresses in flashy clothes is most likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.