chapter 18 biology :))))))

Clades and Traditional Taxonomic Groups

A clade must be monophyletic. contains an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Genus

A group of similar species

Genes as Derived Characters

A wide range of organisms share a number of genes and show important homologies that can be used to determine evolutionary relationships.

What are the goals of binomial nomenclature and systematics?

In binomial nomenclature, each specie is assigned a two part scientific name; The goal of systematics is to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning

How are DNA sequences used in classification?

In general, the more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

how to write binomial nomenclature

Written in italics or underlined; First word begins with a capital letter, and the second word is lowercase Example: Homo sapien

Example of species that live attached to rocks?

adult barnacles and limpets have similar-looking shells.

Genus Acer consist of_______?????

all maple trees

Speciation event

an ancestral lineage branches into two new lineages basis for each branch point, or node

What can monophyletic group cannot include?????

any species that are not descended from that common ancestor

Adult crabs don't look anything like ______ ___________ ????

barnacles and limpets; Based on these features, one would likely classify limpets and barnacles together and crabs in a different group. However, that would be wrong.

Biologists try to organize, or classify, living and fossil species into larger groups that have______?

biological meaning

The class Mammalia is grouped with: (phylum)

birds (class Aves), reptiles (class Reptilia), amphibians (class Amphibia), and all classes of fish into the phylum Chordata (a nerve cord along the back)

Linnaean class Mammalia, for example, corresponds to______.

clade Mammalia

What does a cladogram allow us to trace?

evolutionary relationships

Modern classification schemes look beyond overall similarities and differences and group organisms based on ____________ _____________?

evolutionary relationships.

Often, scientists use DNA evidence when anatomical traits alone can't _________.

provide clear answers

What does maritimes refer to?

sea: polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea

A cladogram can tell us which organisms _______ a common ancestor, NOT that an organism "evolved" into another

share

The larger a taxon is, the farther back in time all of its members _______?

shared a common ancestor.

Why are scientific names important?

so biologists can be sure that they are discussing about the same specie/organism; common names can be confusing because they vary between languages and from place to place

A derived character: is a trait

that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage; was passed along to its descendants

bottom, or "root," of the tree represents______.

the common ancestor shared by all organisms on the cladogram

New taxonomic category established________.

the domain

Building Cladogram node represents_______.

the last point at which the new lineages shared a common ancestor.

What do you usually have at the top of a cladogram?

the names of organism

Species rubric describes______???

the red maple's color

phylogeny

the study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another.

Some early scientific names often used long phrases to what???

to describe species in great detail

The "higher" we are on a cladogram the more ________ the organisms have to shared to be placed there.

traits

Biomial Nomenclature

two word naming system developed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus

The order Artiodactyla is placed in the class Mammalia: which have??

warm-blooded have body hair produce milk for their young

Whether or not a character is derived depends on the level at which______.

you're grouping organisms.

Arcahea (Archaebacteria) cell type and number of cells?

Prokaryote, unicellular (Methanogens & halophiles)

Bacteria (Eubacteria) cell type and number of cells?

Prokaryote, unicellular(streptococcus & escherichia coli)

Family (Linnaean System of Classification)

South American llama resembles bactrian camels and dromedaries; llama more closely related to South American species then to Europes and asian camels

Polar bear is called

Ursus Maritimus

Fungi cell type and number of cells?

eukaryote, most multicellular but can be both (yeasts & mushroom)

Plantae (plants) cell type and number of cells?

eukaryote, multicellular (flowering plants & ferns)

Animalia (animals) cell type and number of cells?

eukaryote, multicellular (sponges, worms & fishes)

Eukaryia (protista) cell type and number of cells?

eukaryote, unicellular (except for brown algae) amoeba & paramecium

Cladistic analysis determines__________?

how clades are related to one another

monophyletic group

includes all species that are descended from a common ancestor

What the nodes mean in a cladogram?

indicate the common ancestors of descendants

Domain is a larger, more inclusive than what???

kingdom

Cladogram

links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

The second part of a scientific name of the polar bear is???

maritimus

Facts about animal (kingdom)

moved from place to place & used food for energy

Biologists have been completing a changeover from that olde system of ________ and ________ to a new strategy based on evolutionary theory.

names & classification

Another fact about order in (Linnean system of classification)

order Artiodactyla, hoofed animals with an even number of toes.

Phylum includes______?

organisms that are different but that share important characteristics.

Phylogenetic systematics

places organisms into higher taxa whose members are more closely related to one another than they are to members of any other group.

What are the 4 domains?

1) Bacteria (corresponding to kingdom Eubacteria) 2) Archaea (corresponding to kingdom Archaebacteria), 3) Eukarya (corresponding to kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and "Protista").

Scientific name for red maple: ????

Acer rubrum

What are place in the kingdom Animalia?

All multicellular animals

Why have scientists changed classification of organisms since Linneaus?

Because they keep learning more about dna and cell structure evidence

Who came up with the idea of Binomial nomenclature?

Carl Linnaeus

Derived Characters

Cladistic analysis focuses on certain kinds of characters when assigning organisms into clades.

Phylum (Linnaean System of Classification)

Classes are grouped into a phylum.

What has changed since Linnaeus's time?

Classification systems

Class (Linnaean System of Classification)

Closely related orders grouped into the next larger rank: class.

Reading a cladogram

Derived characters that appear "lower" on the cladogram than the branch point for a clade are not derived for that particular clade.

Losing traits

Distantly related groups of organisms can lose the same character systematists are cautious about using the absence of a trait as a derived character.

What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?

Eubacteria (bacteria) Archaebacteria (archaea) Protista Fungi Plantae (plants) Animalia (animals)

Who agreed to assign latin or Greek names to each specie?

European scientists

What share many similarities grouped into larger category, the family—in this case, Camelidae.

Genera

What did Linnaeus do?

Grouped species according to anatomical similarities and differences

Difference between common names and scientific names

It is universal/ standardized all over the world

8 Domains from largest to smallest

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, family, genus, and species

Linnaeus's original classification system would expand to include seven hierarchical taxa: which are??

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

No species that are not descendants of that ancestor included_________.

Many traditional taxonomic groups do form valid clades

Problems With Traditional Classification

Members of a species determine which organisms belong to that species by deciding with whom they mate and produce fertile offspring.

New Techniques Suggest New Trees

Molecular analysis, however, showed that DNA from American vultures is more similar to the DNA of storks than it is to the DNA of African vultures

What is the goal of evolutionary classification?

The goal of phylogenetic systematics, or evolutionary classification, is to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent, rather than overall similarities and differences.

Kingdom (Linnaean System of Classification)

The largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus's taxonomic categories is the kingdom.

systematics

The science of naming and grouping organisms

The cladogram can also tell us how_______ related organisms are.

closely

Order (Linnaean system of classification)

closely related families grouped into next later rank- order

different names for felis concolor

cougar, puma, panther and mountain lion are all the names that can be used to identify this specie

the second part of a scientific is usually a ?????

description of the organism's habitats or of an important

What do you have along the sides of a cladogram?

different characteristics

Genus ursus contains how many other species of bear???? Including Ursus arctos, the brown bear or grizzly bear.

five

Ursus is the what in the name Ursus Maritimus (polar bear)?????

genus

Facts about Plants (kingdom)

green organisms generally did not move got their energy from the sun.

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae) which are????

grouped with several other animal families like: deer (family Cervidae) and cattle (family Bovidae)

Clades

groups that include an ancestral species and all of its descendants of that ancestor- living and extinct