Chapter 18
Employment in late adulthood is generally linked to ______.
positive physical functioning
Educational experiences have been ______ with better performance on memory tasks.
positively correlated
Cognitive ______ are often referred to as the "software programs" of the mind and are culturally influenced.
pragmatics
cognitive _____________ are similar to crystallized intelligence
pragmatics
______________________ Memory that involves the ability to remember where one learned something
prospective
_________________________ memory involves remembering to do something in the future, for example remembering to take medication, or remembering to go to a doctor appointment.
prospective
The most common predictors of depression in old age include all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
regular religious attendance
Which of the following are the characteristics of Alzheimer disease?
Gradual deterioration of language Gradual deterioration of memory Deterioration of physical functioning
Which of the following is not critical for wisdom to develop at a high level?
Having above average intelligence
Which of the following statements about changes in cognitive pragmatics is TRUE?
Improvement is likely through middle and late adulthood, until very late adulthood.
Services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illness, and the elderly are called ______ care.
respite
The most common language-related complaints by older adults involve _____________________of words and understanding spoken language.
retrieval
The four types of attention studied in older adults include divided, selective, executive and ______________ attention.
sustained
Vigilance is another name for ______ attention.
sustained
Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment is called
sustained attention
True or false: Many older adults maintain or improve their word knowledge and word meaning.
True
Which lifestyle activities may reduce the likelihood of developing Alzheimer disease?
Weight control Exercise Healthy diet
When are older adults MORE likely to remember the source of information?
When it is important to them.
What are the THREE important factors associated with cohort effects on cognitive functioning?
Work Health Education
Decline in memory in late adulthood is associated with which TWO types of memory?
Working Episodic
Which of the following statements regarding working memory is TRUE?
Working memory declines during late adulthood.
In general, there is ______ in cognitive mechanics associated with aging.
a decline
There is ______ in perceptual speed in late adulthood.
a significant decline
Evidence suggests that training cognitive skills is ______
effective for many older adults
Remembering what you did on the first day of high school is an example of ______ memory.
episodic
The retention of information about life's happenings is known as ______ memory.
episodic
Older adults are most likely to see declines in ______ memory.
episodic and working
_______________________-- functioning includes cognitive inhibitions and working memory, which tend to decline in older adulthood.
executive
___________attention involves action planning, allocating goals, error detection, and monitoring progress on tasks.
executive
memory is also known as declarative memory.
explicit
Cognitive mechanics are similar to _____ intelligence.
fluid
Sustained attention is defined as ______.
focused and extended engagement with an object, task, or some other aspect of the environment
Selective attention is defined as ______.
focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
A recent study linked a lower level of executive attention to low blood pressure, which likely is related to reduced blood flow to the brain's ______.
frontal lobes
Memory that involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed is called ______ memory.
implicit
Memory without conscious recollection is called ______ memory.
implicit
With regard to changes in cognition, cognitive pragmatics likely ______ until very late adulthood.
improve
The percentage of older U.S. adults who are still working or returning to work has been ______ since 2000.
increasing
Cognitive mechanics are associated with the speed and accuracy of the processes involved in all of the following components, EXCEPT ______.
language comprehension
The option to retire is a ______ phenomenon in the United States.
late-20th-century
Reasons why retirees return to work include all of the following, EXCEPT ______.
legal mandates
Compared to explicit memory, implicit memory is _____ likely to be affected by age.
less
Generally, older adults are ______ younger adults at selective attention.
less adept than
When the competing tasks in a divided-attention situation are complex, older adults perform ______ younger adults.
less effectively than
One study found that depressive symptoms were higher among older adults who ______.
lived alone
A recent study linked a lower level of executive attention to ______, which likely is related to reduced blood flow to the brain's frontal lobes.
low blood pressure
The mood disorder in which one is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored is called ______.
major depression
Cognitive ______ are often referred to as the "hardware" of the mind because they reflect the neurophysiological architecture of the brain.
mechanics
Noncognitive factors associated with memory performance include all of the following EXCEPT ______.
media
A recent study revealed that higher levels of financial assets and job satisfaction were more strongly linked to ______ higher psychological well-being in retirement, while preretirement social contacts were more strongly related to ______ well-being in retirement.
men's; women's
MCI, or ______, is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
mild cognitive impairment
During the 20th century, successive generations in the United States were ______ likely to be educated.
more
Today's adults are ______ their grandparents to have work experiences that included emphasis on cognitively oriented labor.
more likely than
According to research, episodic memory declines ______ semantic memory in older adults.
more than
All of the following are components of cognitive pragmatics, EXCEPT ______.
motor memory
What is the most common reason for older adults to remain in the workforce?
needing money for living expenses
All of the following personal characteristics have been associated with having wisdom EXCEPT ______.
neuroticism
Older adults tend to ______ the degree of their own memory problems.
overestimate
disease is a chronic, progressive type of dementia characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movements, and partial facial paralysis.
parkinson
Determining the time required to step on the brakes when the car directly ahead stops is a task associated with ._________________-- _____________
perceptual speed
The amount of time it takes to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks is known as .__________________ _____________________
perceptual speed
It is projected that ______ baby boomers in the U.S. will develop Alzheimer disease in their lifetime.
10 million
Today's workers will spend ______ of their lives in retirement.
10-15%
In 2017, an estimated ______ adults in the U.S. had Alzheimer disease.
5.5 million
Who is most likely to commit suicide as an older adult?
A male in poor health, living alone, who has lost his spouse
Which of the following is NOT a treatment for Parkinson disease?
Acetylcholine agonists
Which of the following statements regarding working memory are TRUE?
Aerobic exercise can improve working memory. Working memory declines during late adulthood. Working memory can be improved through training.
Drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors have been effective in slowing down the progression of _______ in mild to moderate stages of the disease.
Alzheimer disease
The most common form of dementia is ______ disease, a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning. (Watch your spelling!)
Alzheimer's
The main age window for wisdom to emerge is ______.
during late adolescence and early adulthood
The main age window for wisdom to emerge is during late _________________and early ___________________ . (Watch your spelling!)
Blank 1: adolescence Blank 2: adulthood
Which statements about work and retirement are true?
Cognitive functioning tends to decline faster after retirement. Physical functioning tends to decline faster after retirement.
What triggers Parkinson disease?
Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain
Which are characteristics of Alzheimer disease?
Dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels Twisted fibers that build up in neurons Deficiency in acetylcholine
______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior.
Executive function
True or false: As adults age, they tend to speak at a louder volume.
False
Which of the following statements about differences in selective attention between younger and older adults is TRUE?
In general, younger adults are more adept at selective attention than older adults.
Which are symptoms of dementia?
Inability to recognize familiar people Inability to care for oneself Inability to recognize familiar surroundings
is a mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored.
Major depression
What is the definition of prospective memory?
Memory involving remembering to do something in the future
What is the definition of source memory?
Memory that involves the ability to remember where one learned something
______ represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
______ involves being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through everyday activities.
Mindfulness
What are the symptoms of Parkinson disease?
Muscle tremors Partial facial paralysis Slowing of movements
Which factors are likely associated with the cause of Alzheimer disease?
Obesity High cholesterol Smoking Family history of Alzheimer disease
In a recent study of 18- to 94-year-olds, who was more likely to have difficulty in retrieving episodic information, facts, and events?
Older adults
Which of the following statements is true?
Older adults are more likely to experience declines in explicit memory compared to implicit memory.
Which statements are true about metacognition in adulthood?
Older adults do just as well as younger adults in terms of monitoring the encoding and retrieval of information. Improved metacognition can help compensate for declines in memory.
Which of the following statements about semantic memory in older adults is true?
Older adults take longer to retrieve semantic information.
Which of the following lifestyle factors have been linked to declines in cognitive functioning?
Poor eating habits Inactivity Stress
Which of the following are aspects of executive functioning that decline in late adulthood?
Replacing old, no longer relevant information Updating memory representations that are relevant for the task at hand
Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding decline in processing speed?
Research has shown that aerobic exercise can improve older adults' performance on reaction time tasks. It is likely due to decline in functioning of the brain and central nervous system. Health and exercise may influence the extent to which processing speed declines.
Which of the following are a part of executive functioning?
Self-control Goal-directed behavior
The option to retire exists mainly because of the 1935 implementation of the ______.
Social Security system
Ethel is very active in her church community. This involvement likely provides Ethel which of the following?
Social support Social activities Leadership roles Teaching opportunities
Which of the following are noncognitive factors associated with memory performance?
Socioeconomic status Health Education
Which of the following statements about lifestyle and cognitive functioning is false?
Stress has not been associated with cognitive decline.
The allele that has proven to be a risk factor for Alzheimer disease is the ______ gene.
The allele that has proven to be a risk factor for Alzheimer disease is the ______ gene.
What does the concept of use it or lose it refer to?
The fact that disuse may result in the atrophy of cognitive skills
Which of the following is not a finding on the association between religion and well-being among older adults?
The relationship between religion and well-being becomes weaker as people age.
Which of the following characteristics are common changes in the speech patterns of older adults?
Their speech is less precisely articulated. They speak slower. They speak at a lower volume.
Older adults who adjust best to retirement have which of the following characteristics?
They are well educated. They are active. They are healthy.
Which of the following characteristics are common changes in the speech patterns of older adults?
They speak at a lower volume. Their speech is less precisely articulated. They speak slower.
Which of the following statements about work and cognitive functioning is false?
Today's jobs will have less of an impact than jobs of the past on adults' cognitive functioning.
Which of the following statements about retirement in the United States is FALSE?
Today's workers will spend approximately 30% of their lives in retirement.
The deficiency in the messenger chemical ______ may play an important role in Alzheimer disease.
acetycholine
Cholinerase inhibitors work to improve memory and other cognitive functions by increasing levels of ______ in the brain.
acetylcholine
Declines in decision-making in late adulthood ______ (select all that apply).
are more pronounced when there is a time pressure can be affected by declines in memory
Older adults perform ______ younger adults on simple vigilance and sustained attention tasks.
as well as
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refers to ______.
being confident about remembering something but not quite able to retrieve it from memory
Which of these is NOT a risk factor for suicide among older adults?
being female
In general, episodic memory is _______.
better among younger adults compared with older adults
All of the following are likely associated with the decline in cognitive mechanics, EXCEPT ______.
biology
The field of science that studies the links between the brain and cognitive functioning is called developmental______________ _____________.
cognitive neuroscience
The field of_____________-- -__________________ relies on brain imaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET, and DTI to reveal areas of the brain that are activated when individuals engage in certain cognitive activities.
cognitive neuroscience
Use it or lose it is a component of the _____________ _______________approach, which emphasizes the role of social and intellectual engagement in protecting against declines in intellectual development.
cognitive optimization
_____________________- effects relating to education, work, and health need to be taken into account when studying the cognitive functioning of older adults.
cohort
Divided attention is defined as ______.
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Explicit memory is also known as ______________ memory
declarative
The speed of processing information ______ during late adulthood.
declines
Research shows that declines in processing speed in late adulthood are likely due to ______.
declines in brain functioning
_________________is the global term used to describe a neurological disorder in which primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.
dementia
The ability to concentrate on more than one activity at the same time is called _____________attention.
divided
Declines in memory and processing speed have been linked to a reduction of effective decision making in ______ situations.
risky
Older adults are less likely than younger adults to remember a piece of information that doesn't matter as much, but are just as able as younger adults to remember important information. This shows that as people get older, they get more ______ in how they use their resources.
sekective
Focusing attention on a relevant piece of information while ignoring other, irrelevant information is known as _____________attention.
selective
A person's knowledge about the world and their area of expertise is known as _____________ memory
semantic
Recalling who the president is and the name for the capital of Japan are examples of ______ memory.
semantic
All of the following are types of attention that have been studied in older adults, EXCEPT ______.
short term attention
Working memory is closely linked to ______ memory
short-term
When the competing tasks in a divided-attention situation are easy, older adults perform ______ younger adults.
similarly to
The results of research on mindfulness training show ______.
some benefits to cognitive functioning
The ability to remember where one learned something is known as______________________ memory
source
The _______ phenomenon occurs when people are confident they can remember something, but they just can't quite seem to retrieve it from memory.
tip-of-the-tongue
True or false: For the oldest-old (those aged 85 and older), there is some loss of plasticity that may hinder training cognitive skills.
true
True or false: More than half of individuals with Alzheimer disease have at least one ApoE4 allele.
true
True or false: Some older adults may rely on accumulated knowledge to compensate for slower processing speed.
true
In one study of older adults who returned to work, approximately ______ said they were happy they had done so, whereas about ______ indicated they were forced to go back to work to meet financial needs.
two-thirds; one-third
Sustained attention is also referred to as
vigilance
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters is called .
wisdom
_______________________ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life, leading to good judgments, insight into human development, and an understanding of how to cope with life's challenges.
wisdom
Decline in perceptual speed is strongly linked with declines in ______ memory.
working
The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ______ memory.
working