Chapter 18 Homework Quiz

How did Protestant views of religious art differ from Catholics and what effect did their views have on the appearance of their churches?

- In addition to the intellectual arguments presented by the Protestants, there was also an attempt to curb interior decorative programs of Protestant churches at times to outright iconoclasm. - The major difference between Protestant and Catholic churches is the imagery and the decided lack of imagery in a Protestant church. - Protestant leadership felt images would distract the worshipper from the direct communication with God, which was the sole purpose for their presence in church. - Catholics embraced church decoration as an aid to communicating with God.

In the Money Changer and His Wife by Quentin Massys, the artist has given us an image of a professional man transacting business. Massys has provided insight into which of the following?

the secular life of the Netherlands

The first known northern European self-portrait by a woman is purportedly by which of the following?

Caterina van Hemessen

Hans Holbein, a master portraitist, combines realism the details are exact and exquisitely depicted and with monumental composition and sculpturesque form. Which of the following traditions does this describe?

Flemish and Italian

Other northern European countries imitated this ________________________________ manner—its double-columned pavilions, tall and wide windows, profuse statuary, and steep roofs—although with local variations. The modified classicism the French produced became the model for building projects north of the Alps through most of the __________________ century.

French classical; (16th??)

The leading Netherlandish painter of the early 16th century was Hieronymus Bosch (ca. 1450-1516), one of the most fascinating and puzzling artists in history. Bosch's most famous painting, the Garden of Earthly Delights, is also his most enigmatic, and no interpretation has ever won universal acceptance.

Garden of Earthly Delights??

Witches' Sabbath is a ________________________, a recent German innovation. The technique requires the use of two blocks of wood instead of one. The printmaker carves and inks one block in the usual way in order to produce a traditional black-and-white print. Then the artist cuts a second block consisting of broad highlights to be inked in grays or colors and printed over the first block's impression. They incorporate some of the qualities of painting and feature tonal subtleties absent in traditional woodcuts.

chiaroscuro woodcut

Spain in the sixteenth century supported which of the following?

counter-reformation

What anamorphic symbol appears in Holbein's French Ambassadors?

skull

How does Grünewald represent suffering and salvation the Isenheim Altarpiece in?

- Saints associated with the plague and other diseases and with miraculous cures, such as Saints Anthony and Sebastian, appear prominently in the Isenheim Altarpiece. Grünewald's panels specifically address the themes of dire illness and miraculous healing and accordingly emphasize the suffering of the order's patron saint, Anthony. - He used color to contrast that suffering with salvation and hope. The shocking dissonant colors were employed for the depictions of pain and suffering while subtle tonalities and harmonies were used to depict hope and salvation. - The presence of the Crucifixion is the ultimate image of salvation and hope.

How does El Greco's View of Toledo depart from traditional landscape paintings?

- The only pure landscape the artist ever created, it breaks sharply with tradition. Although he incorporated some of the monuments of the city, he rearranged some of their positions. - He also did not render the architectural structures in great detail as other Renaissance artists did. - He created an eerie atmosphere in broad brushworks which were typical of his late style.

How did Dürer represent himself in his Self-Portrait and what does this work say about the artist's craft?

- The portrayal of himself as a Christ-like figure evoked humanistic views of the artist as divinely inspired. - The focus on his hand alluded to its status as a creative instrument. - This image of the artist, with his short beard and long hair evoked devotional images of Christ.

El Greco blended ________________ and ________________ elements and created a deeply emotional fervor evocative of Spain.

Byzantine and Mannerism

How does Dürer explore the nature of artistic creativity itself in this work, one of his most famous engravings?

Above the brooding figure of Melancholy is an hourglass with the sands of time running out. All around the brooding figure of Melancholy are the tools of the artist and builder--compass, hammer, nails, and saw among them, but they are useless to the frustrated artist while he is suffering from melancholy.

Compare these two works and identify the artists. How do these two works differ? Jan Gossaert (Mabuse), Neptune and Amphitrite and Pieter Bruegel, Hunters in the Snow

Both artists hail from the Netherlands. However, their differences stem from their choices of style. Mabuse shows a strong Italian influence, the heavy, muscular forms of the figures are reminiscent of Michelangelo and the framing of the two figures show a classical influence as well. Bruegel was inclined to depict the relationships of man and nature. He painted the landscape with optical accuracy. He used color to create degrees of emotion not seen in the work of Gossaert. His work adheres to the traditions of the North in the use of landscape and detail to emphasize he relationship of man and nature.

Chateau De Chambord presents a carefully contrived horizontal accent on three levels, with continuous moldings separating its floors. Windows align precisely, one exactly over another. The __________________________________________ palazzo served as the model for this matching of horizontal and vertical features, but above the third level the structure's lines break chaotically into a jumble of high dormers, chimneys, and lanterns that recall soaring, ragged ___________________ silhouettes on the skyline.

Italian Renaissance; gothic

In Hunters in the Snow, the artist has captured the atmosphere of a cold winter's day. The landscape is snow-covered and stark with the returning hunters wearily trudging home. It is reminiscent of earlier renditions of seasons. Which of the following also described the seasons and might have been influential in the conception of this work?

Limbourg Brothers' Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

In Allegory of Law and Grace, the artist has depicted the differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the followers of Martin Luther. The artist who created this woodcut was dubbed with the title, "painter of the Reformation." Who is the artist? Who also painted the Judgment of Paris.

Lucas Cranach the elder

Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo constructed El Escorial. The structure is simple in design and austere in detail. The architects focused on simplicity of form without ostentation. It amplified the character and personality of __________________ who was very conscientious, passionate about his religion, and proud about his dynasty. The Escorial echoed all those facets of his personality and character.

Philip II

During the 15th century and well into the 16th, a Late Gothic style of architecture, the Plateresque, prevailed in Spain. Plateresque derives from the Spanish word platero (silversmith), and delicately executed ornamentation resembling metalwork is the defining characteristic of the Plateresque style _____________________________ handsomely exemplifies the Plateresque manner, which Spanish expansion into the Western Hemisphere also brought to "New Spain"

The Colegio de San Gregorio

In El Greco's Burial of Count Orgaz, the artist has successfully merged his early and late styles. The artist treated the earthly and heavenly realm in two different manners. For the earthbound figures his relatively sumptuous and realistic presentation of the earthly sphere is still strongly rooted in ___________________, but the abstractions and distortions El Greco used to show the immaterial nature of the heavenly realm characterize his later style. His elongated figures existing in undefined spaces, bathed in a cool light of uncertain origin, explain El Greco's usual classification as a ____________________. His highly developed expressive style foreshowed the development of the ___________________.

Venetian art; mannerist; baroque

In 1506, to protect his financial interests, ________________ filed the first in history over artistic copyright, accusing an Italian artist of copying his prints.

durer

In his print of the Fall of Man, Dürer demonstrated his knowledge of classical art in the representation of the ____.

figures of Adam and Eve

The Protestant concern about the role of religious imagery was in many cases outright hostile. Martin Luther spoke about destroying images. This destruction of religious imagery also occurred during the Byzantine period. Which of the following defines this act?

iconoclasm

The personal tastes of the court of Francis I ran to the elegant, erotic, and unorthodox. Which of the following styles would most appeal to this king and his court?

mannerism

In Pieter Aertsen's Meat Still-Life, the artist has created what appears to be a descriptive genre scene, a butcher's shop displaying its products, as well as fish and pretzels. This work also has embedded within it which of the following?

religious references

The Battle of Issus, which depicts the battle that took place between Alexander the Great and the Persians, was selected as a subject by Wilhelm IV because it reflected his endeavors to ____. The painting reveals his interest in recording _______________________.

stop the invading Turks; natural locales??