Chapter 18: The heart and cardiovascular function

24) The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the A) right coronary artery. B) left coronary artery. C) interventricular artery. D) coronary sinus. E) aorta.

B) left coronary artery.

42) The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the A) heart. B) lungs. C) brain. D) intestines. E) liver.

B) lungs.

61) When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then A) close. B) open. C) make the third heart sound. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

B) open.

7) The cavity that contains only the heart is the A) thoracic cavity. B) pericardial cavity. C) mediastinum. D) pleural cavity. E) anterior cavity.

B) pericardial cavity.

44) Identify the structure labeled "19." A) tricuspid valve B) pulmonary semilunar valve C) aortic semilunar valve D) bicuspid valve E) ligamentum arteriosum

B) pulmonary semilunar valve

28) Coronary veins empty into the A) left atrium. B) left ventricle. C) right atrium. D) right ventricle. E) conus arteriosus.

C) right atrium.

21) Blood is supplied to the myocardium by A) the coronary sinus. B) contact with blood in the pumping chambers. C) the coronary arteries. D) arteries that branch from the pulmonary arteries. E) None of the answers is correct.

C) the coronary arteries.

37) Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve. A) mitral B) bicuspid C) tricuspid D) pulmonary semilunar E) aortic semilunar

C) tricuspid

46) Identify the structure labeled "6." A) cusp of tricuspid valve B) pulmonary semilunar valve C) aortic semilunar valve D) cusp of bicuspid valve E) ligamentum arteriosum

A) cusp of tricuspid valve

43) The pulmonary veins carry blood to the A) heart. B) lungs. C) brain. D) intestines. E) liver.

A) heart.

31) The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow A) in one direction only. B) in both directions. C) in many directions. D) in opposite directions on the right and left. E) None of the answers is correct.

A) in one direction only.

8) The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the A) pericardial cavity. B) mediastinum. C) thoracic cavity. D) anterior cavity. E) abdominopelvic cavity.

B) mediastinum.

25) The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the A) superior vena cava. B) inferior vena cava. C) coronary sinus. D) coronary sulcus. E) aorta.

C) coronary sinus.

45) Identify the structure labeled "8." A) moderator band B) pectinate muscles C) papillary muscles D) trabeculae carneae E) chordae tendineae

C) papillary muscles

40) Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it A) has a thicker wall. B) is round in cross section. C) pumps a greater volume. D) contracts harder. E) produces about four to six times more pressure when it contracts.

C) pumps a greater volume.

88) As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit A) tonus. B) treppe. C) tetany. D) recruitment. E) fatigue.

C) tetany.

87) Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because A) cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own. B) neural stimulation is lacking. C) the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes. D) the refractory period ends before the muscle reaches peak tension. E) potassium channels outnumber sodium channels.

C) the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.

20) The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except A) fat. B) arteries. C) veins. D) nerves. E) None of the answers is correct.

D) nerves.

84) In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of ________ membrane permeability to ________ ions. A) increased; sodium B) increased; potassium C) decreased; calcium D) decreased; sodium E) increased; chloride

A) increased; sodium

52) The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles. A) interventricular septum B) interatrial septum C) moderator band D) foramen ovale E) atrioventricular valves

A) interventricular septum

50) The ________ has a greater workload than the ________. A) left ventricle; right ventricle B) right ventricle; left ventricle C) right ventricle; systemic circulation D) right ventricle; pulmonary circulation E) None of the answers is correct.

A) left ventricle; right ventricle

29) Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the A) right atrium. B) right ventricle. C) left atrium. D) left ventricle. E) conus arteriosus.

A) right atrium.

23) The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the A) right coronary artery. B) left coronary artery. C) circumflex artery. D) coronary sinus. E) aorta.

A) right coronary artery.

75) Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole? A) the peak pressure in the ventricle B) the peak pressure in the aorta C) Neither is greater.

A) the peak pressure in the ventricle

100) Analyzing of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except the A) heart rate. B) stroke volume. C) condition of the conducting system. D) effects of drugs and poisons. E) duration of the ventricular action potential.

B) stroke volume.

89) The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in A) the Purkinje fibers. B) the sinoatrial node. C) the atrioventricular node. D) the wall of the left ventricle. E) both the left and right ventricles.

B) the sinoatrial node.

95) If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, A) the ventricles will beat faster. B) the ventricles will beat more slowly. C) the ventricular beat will remain unchanged. D) cardiac output will increase. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) the ventricles will beat more slowly.

68) The relaxation phase of the lower chambers of the heart is called A) ventricular systole. B) ventricular diastole. C) atrial systole. D) atrial diastole. E) None of the answers aer correct.

B) ventricular diastole.

78) During ventricular systole, the A) atria are contracting. B) blood is entering the ventricles. C) AV valves are closed. D) pressure in the ventricles remains constant. E) pressure in the aorta remains constant.

C) AV valves are closed.

93) Which parts of the following statement are true? The AV node delivers the stimulus to the AV bundle, located within the interventricular septum. A) The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false. B) The first part of the statement is false but the second part is true. C) Both parts of the statement are true. D) Both parts of the statement are false.

C) Both parts of the statement are true.

5) Which of the following descriptions matches the phrase "near the left fifth intercostal space"? A) pericardial cavity B) visceral pericardium C) apex of heart D) aorta E) right atrium

C) apex of heart

67) The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called A) ventricular systole. B) ventricular diastole. C) atrial systole. D) atrial diastole. E) None of the answers is correct.

C) atrial systole.

59) The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. A) semicaval B) semilunar C) bicuspid D) tricuspid E) pulmonic

C) bicuspid

33) The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to A) papillary muscles. B) trabeculae carneae. C) chordae tendineae. D) interatrial septa. E) coronary sulci.

C) chordae tendineae.

97) The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from A) depolarization of the SA node. B) depolarization of the AV node. C) depolarization of the atria. D) repolarization of the atria. E) depolarization of the ventricles.

C) depolarization of the atria.

14) The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium. A) epicardium B) myocardium C) endocardium D) visceral pericardium E) parietal pericardium

C) endocardium

16) The visceral pericardium is the same as the A) mediastinum. B) parietal pericardium. C) epicardium. D) myocardium. E) endocardium.

C) epicardium.

82) What occurs at the circled label "4" on the graph? A) peak systolic pressure B) isovolumetric diastole C) isovolumetric contraction D) ventricular refilling E) increased heart rate

C) isovolumetric contraction

3) The left border of the heart is formed by the A) left atrium and right atrium. B) right atrium and right ventricle. C) left atrium and left ventricle. D) right ventricle and left ventricle. E) None of the answers is correct.

C) left atrium and left ventricle

30) Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the A) right atrium. B) right ventricle. C) left atrium. D) left ventricle. E) conus arteriosus

C) left atrium.

27) Blood is supplied to the left atrium by the A) brachiocephalic artery. B) right coronary artery. C) left coronary artery. D) phrenic arteries. E) pulmonary arteries.

C) left coronary artery.

6) Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline. A) area above B) area below C) left of D) right of E) None of the answers is correct.

C) left of

26) The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium. A) right coronary artery B) right coronary vein C) superior vena cava D) left coronary artery E) right coronary artery and left coronary artery

E) right coronary artery and left coronary artery

9) The cavity that contains the lungs, the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea is called the A) pleural space. B) pericardial space. C) mediastinum. D) cardiac notch. E) thoracic cavity.

E) thoracic cavity.

76) The mitral valve closing is associated with all of the following except A) when left ventricular pressure exceeds left atrial pressure. B) at the beginning of ventricular systole. C) at the same time at the tricuspid valve. D) when the right ventricle pressure exceeds the right atrial pressure. E) when the left atrial pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure.

E) when the left atrial pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure.

91) The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute. A) 6,000 B) 15,000 C) 20,000 D) 50,000 E) 100,000

A) 6,000

66) ________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation. A) Systole; diastole B) Diastole; systole C) Filling; relaxing

A) Systole; diastole

49) Comparing the left ventricle with the right ventricle, which of the following is true? A) The left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle. B) The left ventricle pumps against less resistance than the right ventricle. C) The left ventricle produces a lower pressure than the right. D) The right ventricle is thicker than the left ventricle. E) The right ventricle pumps more blood than the left ventricle.

A) The left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle.

81) What occurs at "A" on the graph? A) aortic semilunar valve opens B) aortic semilunar valve closes C) left AV valve opens D) left AV valve closes E) end-systolic volume

A) aortic semilunar valve opens

1) The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the A) base. B) apex. C) inferior border. D) right border. E) left border.

A) base.

11) Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of A) cardiac muscle cells. B) chondrocytes. C) epithelial cells. D) fibrocytes. E) smooth muscle cells.

A) cardiac muscle cells.

10) The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as A) cardiac tamponade. B) mitral valve prolapse. C) pleural effusion. D) cardiomyopathy. E) pericarditis.

A) cardiac tamponade.

18) The coronary sulcus is a groove that A) marks the border between the atria and ventricles. B) marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles. C) marks the boundary line between the right and left atria. D) separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria. E) separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins

A) marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

83) What does the circle label "5" indicate on the graph? A) peak systolic pressure B) isovolumetric systole C) isovolumetric contraction D) ventricular refilling E) increased heart rate

A) peak systolic pressure

62) If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen? A) regurgitation back into the right atrium B) regurgitation back into the superior vena cava C) regurgitation back into the left atrium D) regurgitation back into the aorta E) regurgitation back into the pulmonary trunk

A) regurgitation back into the right atrium

34) The right ventricle pumps blood to the A) right and left lungs. B) left ventricle. C) left atrium. D) aorta. E) right atrium.

A) right and left lungs.

19) There are ________ pulmonary veins. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10

B) 4

71) The first heart sound is heard when the A) AV valves open. B) AV valves close. C) semilunar valves close. D) atria contract. E) blood enters the aorta.

B) AV valves close.

2) The inferior point of the heart is called the A) base. B) apex. C) inferior border. D) right border. E) left border.

B) apex.

72) During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the A) atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing. B) atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. C) blood is ejected into the great vessels. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

B) atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.

22) The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries. A) pulmonary B) coronary C) circumflex D) carotid E) subclavian

B) coronary

85) The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to A) movement of fewer sodium ions across the cell membrane into the cell. B) voltage-gated calcium channels remaining open. C) increased membrane permeability to potassium ion. D) decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane. E) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

B) voltage-gated calcium channels remaining open.

70) At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts A) 60 seconds. B) less than a second. C) 1 second. D) 370 milliseconds. E) more than a second.

C) 1 second.

48) Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit? A) 5 B) 10 C) 16 D) 13 E) both 5 and 16

C) 16

41) The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? A) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5 B) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5 C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6 D) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6 E) 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6

C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

90) The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following? A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 C) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 E) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1

D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

64) Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States. A) 30 B) 60 C) 20 D) 50 E) 25

D) 50

98) Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the A) P wave. B) T wave. C) S wave. D) QRS complex. E) PR complex.

D) QRS complex.

12) Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except A) ionic currents. B) action potentials. C) the force of contraction. D) Z-lines. E) small molecules.

D) Z-lines.

35) The left ventricle pumps blood to the A) lungs. B) right ventricle. C) right atrium. D) aorta. E) pulmonary circuit

D) aorta.

77) The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure. A) left atrioventricular B) pulmonary C) right atrioventricular D) aortic E) All of the answers are correct.

D) aortic

17) The earlike extension of the atrium is the A) ventricle. B) coronary sinus. C) coronary sulcus. D) auricle. E) atricle.

D) auricle.

79) What occurs at the area labeled "D" on the graph? A) AV valves open B) semilunar valves open C) diastolic refilling begins D) both AV valves open and diastolic refilling begins E) both semilunar valves open and diastolic refilling begins

D) both AV valves open and diastolic refilling begins

65) Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronary artery disease. D) diabetes.

D) diabetes.

58) The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located A) in the opening of the aorta. B) in the opening of the pulmonary trunk. C) where the venae cavae join the right atrium. D) between the right atrium and right ventricle. E) between the left atrium and left ventricle.

E) between the left atrium and left ventricle.

94) If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, A) the heart rate will increase. B) the heart rate will decrease. C) the membrane will depolarize. D) the membrane will hyperpolarize. E) both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize.

E) both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize.

39) The function of the atrium is to A) collect blood. B) pump blood to the lungs. C) pump blood into the systemic circuit. D) pump blood to the ventricle. E) collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle.

E) collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle.

63) David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause A) increased effort by the right ventricle. B) increased effort by the left ventricle. C) regurgitation. D) increased effort by the right ventricle and regurgitation. E) increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation.

E) increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation.

60) Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except A) mitral regurgitation. B) mitral valve prolapse. C) bicuspid regurgitation. D) bicuspid prolapse. E) pulmonary valve stenosis.

E) pulmonary valve stenosis.

73) The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with A) closing of the pulmonary valve. B) closing of the mitral valve. C) opening of the mitral valve. D) closing of the aortic valve. E) opening of the aortic valve.

B) closing of the mitral valve.

54) When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains unchanged.

B) decreases.

55) When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same.

B) decreases.

69) As the heart rate slows, ________ get(s) longer. A) systole B) diastole C) systole and diastole D) None of the answers is correct.

B) diastole

92) Pacemaker cells in the SA node A) have a well-defined resting potential. B) generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium. C) are highly contractile. D) have an action potential identical to contractile cardiac muscle cells. E) are located in the left atrium.

B) generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.

51) The ________ separate(s) the two atria. A) interventricular septum B) interatrial septum C) moderator band D) foramen ovale E) atrioventricular valves

B) interatrial septum

13) The muscle layer of the heart is the A) epicardium. B) myocardium. C) endocardium. D) visceral pericardium. E) parietal pericardium.

B) myocardium.

38) As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk. A) pulmonary veins B) pulmonary valve C) aorta D) inferior vena cava E) superior vena cava

B) pulmonary valve

32) Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the A) aortic valve. B) pulmonary valve. C) mitral valve. D) tricuspid valve. E) bicuspid valve.

B) pulmonary valve.

80) What occurs at "B" on the graph? A) semilunar valve opens B) semilunar valve closes C) AV valve opens D) end-systolic volume

B) semilunar valve closes

96) Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute. A) 20-40 B) 40-60 C) 80-100 D) 100-140 E) 140-180

C) 80-100

86) In cardiac muscle, calcium ions A) are not released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B) do not bind to troponin molecules. C) play no role in the process of contraction. D) enter the cell through slow voltage gated ion channels. E) play an important role in repolarizing the membrane after the depolarization phase.

D) enter the cell through slow voltage gated ion channels.

47) Identify the structure labeled "21." A) bicuspid valve B) pulmonary semilunar valve C) aortic semilunar valve D) ligamentum arteriosum E) tricuspid valve

D) ligamentum arteriosum

56) Contractions of the papillary muscles A) close the atrioventricular valves. B) close the semilunar valves. C) eject blood from the ventricles. D) prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria. E) eject blood from the atria into the ventricles.

D) prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.

36) The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the A) coronary sinus. B) superior vena cava. C) inferior vena cava. D) pulmonary veins.

D) pulmonary veins.

4) The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm. A) left atrium B) left ventricle C) right atrium D) right ventricle E) right and left ventricles

D) right ventricle

57) The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the A) aorta. B) pulmonary trunk. C) pulmonary veins. D) right ventricle. E) left atrium.

D) right ventricle.

53) Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called A) fossa ovalis. B) ligamentum arteriosum. C) pectinate muscles. D) trabeculae carneae. E) None of the answers is correct.

D) trabeculae carneae.

74) The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the A) atrial systole. B) early diastolic filling phase. C) late diastolic filling phase. D) ventricular ejection of ventricular systole. E) dicrotic phase.

D) ventricular ejection of ventricular systole.

99) The T wave on an ECG tracing represents A) atrial depolarization. B) atrial repolarization. C) ventricular depolarization. D) ventricular repolarization. E) ventricular contraction.

D) ventricular repolarization.

15) An equivalent term for epicardium is A) parietal pericardium. B) myocardium. C) endocardium. D) visceral pericardium. E) None of the answers is correct.

D) visceral pericardium.