chapter 18

As colonial Brazil grew, the Portuguese created a council in Lisbon to deal with all New World appointments and established a high court for all judicial affairs in the city of _________ in northern Brazil.

Bahia

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world

Diseases

The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________.

Estremadura

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where some 300 settlers and 4000 African slaves founded sugar plantations.

French

By the early seventeenth century, a powerful elite of Spanish who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist the Spanish administrators.

Had been born in the Americas.

Colonial Brazil did not offer higher education prior to 1800, which is why the earliest universities in colonial Latin America were all in Spanish America. Among these, the oldest were those of Santo Domingo, Mexico City and _________.

Lima

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535.

Lima

Anne Hutchinson was famous for:

Preaching an antinomian position in defiance of the General Court of Massachusetts.

When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

Tenochtitlán

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements in the Brazilian interior was:

The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.

Ethnic combinations of Europeans and Native Americans and Europeans and Africans were collectively called castas, or "castes," a term originating out of a desire on the part of Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of racial mixture in hopes of counterbalancing the vast masses of Native Americans and Africans. The two most important castes were mestizos (Spanish) /mestiços (Portuguese), born of Iberian fathers and Native American mothers, and _________, born of Iberian fathers and Black mothers.

mulatos

For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America.

Bolivia

At about the same time, _________, a relative of Cortés, conceived of a plan to conquer the Andean empire of the Incas after hearing rumors about an empire of gold and silver to the south.

Francisco Pizarro

Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, an Aztec slave who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Malinche

When the Portuguese conquered Brazil, the indigenous population was estimated to be nearly _________ inhabitants.

NO 5 million, not 1 million

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior.

Slave raids

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels.

Cabildos

The establishment of the _________ in Virginia in 1619 was an indication that the British would not follow the same policy in the New World as their Spanish counterparts.

House of Burgesses

The British colony of Georgia was founded in 1733 as:

NO A charter colony and haven for Quaker minorities.... something about south is the answer