Chapter 18.3 Formed elements in the blood
Myeloid lines form
-erythrocytes, all -leukocytes (except lympocyrtes/granulocytes/monocytes) -megakaryocytes
Luekoctes make up less than _____& of formed elements, with a concentration of 4500-11,000 per cubic millimeter.
0.01
Some reticulocytes finish maturation while circulating in blood vessels and in normal circumstances will make up ______-_______% of the circulating blood
0.5-2.0
Every day, _____% of the oldest circulating erythrocytes are removed from circulation
1
Platelets or thrombocytes make up less than ______% of formed elements
1
The erythrocyte has a lifespan of
120 days
A erythrocyte is composed of a plasma membrane and houses around ___________ million hemoglobin molecules.
280
Erythrocytes are produced at the rate of about
3 million per second
Each molecule of hemoglobin has _________ heme groups, so it has ___________ Fe2, and is capable of binding ______ molecules of oxygen.
4, 4, 4
Formed elements make up ___________% of the whole blood
45
The transformation from myeloid stem cell to reticulocyte takes _______ days
5
The size of erythrocytes is small and has a diameter of appx
7.5 μm
Erythrocytes make up more than _______% of formed elements
99
The lymphoid stem cell differentiates into
B-lymphoblasts and T-lymphoblasts
B-lympblasts mature ioto
B-lymphocytes
______________ within the kidneys detect low blood oxygen levels as the blood is transported through blood vessels within the kidneys. As a result, cells in the kidneys release EPO.
Chemoreceptors
Testosterone stimulates the kidney to produce more
EPO
The kidneys are primary producers of
EPO or erythropoeitin
In a heme group, oxygen binds to the ______for transport in the blood.
Fe2+
Hemocytoblasts produce two different lines for blood cell development
Myeloid line Lymphoid line
Some lymphoid stem cells differentiate directly into ______ cells
NK or natural killer
The proplatelets extend through the blood vessel wall (between the endothelial cells) in the ________ _________ ______________. The force from blood flow slices these proplatelets into the fragments we know as platelets.
Red bone marrow
T-lymphoblasts mature into
T-lymphocytes
What are primary factors in the short longevity of erythrocytes?
The absence of a nucleus and cellular organelles- it cannot synthesize proteins to repair itself or replace damaged regions of itself
What is blood doping?
When atheletes try to boost their bodies ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles by increasing the number of erythrocytes in their blood.
The term red blood cell is a misnomer because
a mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and cellular organelles
Hemoglobin is
a red-pigemented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Bilirubin is released into the blood and is transported by ___________ to the liver
albumin
Globin proteins are broken down into _______ ______________, that might be used for protein synthesis to make new erythrocytes or other body proteins.
amino acids
Hemopoiesis occurs in most bones in young children, but in adults it occurs mainly in the
axial skeleton
Bilirunin is a component of a digestive secretion called _________, which is produced by the liver and released into the small intestine.
bile
Biliverdin is eventually convereted into a yellowish pigment called
bilirubin
The heme group released from hemoglobin is converted within macrophages first into a green pigment called
biliverdin
Having more erythrocytes increases the bloods viscosity, which can increase the chance of
cardiovascular complications
The fact that erythrocytes lack a nucleus and organelles enable them to
carry respiratory gases more efficiently.
The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells are influenced by
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) or colony forming units (CFUs). These are all growth factors except for erythropoietin, which is a hormone.
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
controls the rate of erythrocyte formation.
When some oxygen is lost and carbon dioxide is gained during systemic cellular gas exchange, blood is called __________ and appears dark red.
deoxygenated
The proerythroblast becomes a
erythroblast
The body compensates for the decreased oxygen concentration in the atmosphere by increasing the rate of __________ ___________
erythrocyte production
The process of erythrocyte production is called
erythropoiesis
In the liver or spleen, the Fe2+ is recycled and bound to storage proteins called ____________ and ________________.
ferritin, hemosiderin
Collectively, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called the
formed elements
Each hemoglobin molecule consits of four protein molecules called
globins
Leukopoiesis involved 3 different types of maturation processes
granulocyte maturation monocyte maturation lymphocyte maturation
The myeloblast ultimately differentiates into one of the three types of
granulocytes
Two of the globins are called alpha (a) chains, and the other two are called beta (b) chains and all the chains contain a ________ group
heme
The process of hemopoeiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called
hemocytoblasts
The erythroblast is a slightly smaller cell than it was and is producing ______________ in its cytosol.
hemoglobin
Formed elements have a short life span, and new ones are produced by the process of
hemopoiesis AKA hematopoiesis
A way to increase the number of erythrocytes naturally is by living and training at ___________ _______________.
high altitude
The initial for EPO release is a decrease
in blood oxygen levels
EPO stimulates myeloid cells in the red bone marrow to
increase the rate of erythrocyte production
Dietary requirements for normal erythropoiesis include
iron, B vitamins, and amino acids
The production of leukocytes is called
leukopoiesis
The ____________ may be the site of up to 50% of platelet production, as well as within the red bone marrow.
lungs
Lymphocytes are derived from a
lymphoid stem cell
One to two days after entering circulation, the ribosomes in the reticulocyte degenerate and then it becomes a
mature erythrocyte
The myeloid stem cell that forms platelets is called a
megakaryoblast
The magakaryoblast forms a
megakaryocyte
The myeloid stem cell to produce monocytes differentiates into a progenitor cell under the influence of M-CSF to form a
monoblast
The monoblast forms a promonocyte that differentiates and matures into a
monocyte
As an erythrocyte ages it becomes
more fragile and less flexible
The myeloid stem cell is under the influence of
muilti=CSF to form a progenitor cell
The myeloid stem cell to produce granulocytes are stimulated by
multi-CSG and GM-CSF to form a progenitor cell.
The granulocyte line develops when the progenitor cell forms a
myeloblast
All 3 types of granulocytes are derived from a
myeloid stem cell
Monocytes are derived from a
myeloid stem cell
The process of erythropoiesis begins with a
myeloid stem cell
Increased blood oxygen levels inhibit release of EPO from kidney cells through
negative feedback
The 3 types of granulocytes are
neutrophils basophils eosinophils
The next stage after becoming a eryhroblast is called a _____________ and a still smaller cell with more hemoglobin in the cytosol because its _____________ has been ejected.
normoblast nucleus
The term formed elements is more appropriate than the description cells because mature erythrocytes don't contain ________ or __________ and platelets are merely fragments broken off from a larger cell.
nuclei, organelles
Lymphoid line forms
only lymphocytes
The reticulocyte loses all ____________ except some ribosomes so that it can continue to produce hemoglobin
organelles
Carbon dioxide and the globin molecule (not the Fe2+) have a similar weak attachment relationship as __________ and the globin molecule for transport
oxygen
Erythrocytes transport ____________ and ___________ ___________ between the tissues and the lungs
oxygen, carbon dioxide
When blood is maximally loaded with oxygen, it is termed __________ and appears bright red.
oxygenated
A heme group is composed of a _____________ ring (organic compound) with an ________ ______ at its center
porphyrin, iron ion (Fe2+)
The progenitor cell forms a
proerythroblast, a large nucleated cell
Megakaryocytes produce platelets by forming long extensions from themselves called
proplatelets
EPP is transported through the blood and reaches the
red bone marrow
Iron is transported by transferring to the ________ __________ ____________ as needed.
red bone marrow
A normoblast develops into a cell called a
reticulocyte
A single file of erythrocytes is termed a _________ as they pass through capillaries.
rouleau
Megakaryoctes are distinguished by their _________ and by their ____________, __________________ _________________
size (100um) and their dense, multilobed nucleus
A latticework of _________ ______________ supports the plasmas membrane of the erythrocyte on its internal surface and provides flexibility to it as it moves through the cappilaries.
spectrin protein
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the __________ and __________ by cells called macrophages
spleen, liver
The biconcave shape and flexibility of erythrocytes allow them to
stack and line up in a single file
Large amounts of iron like .9 mg are lost daily in
sweat, urine, and feces
A decrease in blood oxygen levels may be caused by:
the continuous removal of aged erythrocytes, blood loss, or exposure to high altitude
Three molecular components must be accounted for in the destruction of hemoglobin:
the globin protein the iron ion the heme group
Hemocytoblasts are considered muiltpotent cells because
they can differentiate and develop into many kinds of cells
Each megakaryocyte produces
thousands of platelets
The production of platelets is called
thrombopoiesis
The megakaryoblast matures under the influence of
thrombopoietin
The iron ion Fe2+ component in hemoglobin is removed and transported by a globulin protein called ___________ to the liver or spleen
transferrin
Bilirubin is converted to _________________ within the small intestine.
urobilinogen
Because males have higher levels of testosterone, they also
usually have a higher erythrocyte count and a higher hematocrit
Ferritin is a large, ___________-____________ protein that serves as primary storage for iron
water-soluble
