Chapter 19-22 & 41-42

What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog?

+/-

Based on this info and their distributions in the low tide zone in Connell's experiment, what is the best way to represent the interaction between the two species using the symbols for positive (+) and negative (-) interaction?

-/-

What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack if they utilize the same food source?

-/-

The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features?

I DONT KNOWWW - the B hemoglobin genes of mice a humans - the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles

Which of the following statements about speciation is correct?

Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

Genetic variation among individuals

The four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as

Homoplasies

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies than with species Z

Which of the following is the most reasonable example of cryptic coloration?

a brownish twig-like bug living in a forest on the small branches of a willow tree

A shared ancestral character is

a character that originated in an ancestor of two taxa

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

a determination of allele frequency

Which of the following describes a mechanism for generating more genes?

duplication

Which mechanism would reverse speciation?

increased gene flow

In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was

inhibition

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?

interactions between all of the organisms and their desert environment

Which trophic level is most vulnerable to extinction?

large golden eagles that eat goldfinches

A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)

primary consumer

The major role of detritivores in ecosystems is to

recycle chemical matter to a form capable of being used by autotrophs.

White breasted nuthatches & Downy woodpeckers. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following concepts?

resource partitioning

Analogous features share ___________ function but NOT ____________ ancestry

similar; common

Heterozygote advantage should be most closely linked to which of the following?

stabilizing selection

What is the founder effect?

when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, and their gene pool differs from that source population

What is a population in biology?

when a group of individuals of the same species live in the same area and interbreed

Macroevolution occurs

when reproductive barriers, either pre- or post-zygotic, genetically isolate species, even in the presence of some gene flow between two populations.

A species is represented by individuals that form a population

whose members have the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Examine the food web for a particular ecosystem in Figure 42.1. Which species is autotrophic?

1

What percentage of visible light striking a plant is converted into chemical energy?

1%

Imagine five forest communities, each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?

25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z

Examine the food web for a particular ecosystem in Figure 42.1. Which pair of species acquire energy from more than one trophic level?

3 and 5

Darwin's observation of the Galapagos Islands finches' various beaks and behaviors could be explained by

Adaptations forged by natural selection

You discover a fossil with feathers on forelimbs, short hind limbs, and teeth. You conclude that this organism appears early on a phylogenetic tree for which group of organisms?

Birds

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?

Bones in the flipper of a whale

The diagram shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?

C

In Figure 20.3, phylogeny branch lengths represent genetic changes. Which organism on the tree has undergone the most genetic changes since divergence from common ancestor?

Drosophila

The number of trophic levels is typically limited to four or five. Which of the following is primarily responsible for this limitation?

Energy transfer between trophic levels tends to be of very low efficiency

After Hurricane Katrina, sunflowers and other plants were planted to selectively remove contaminants from the soil. Once the plants matured, they were pulled up by the roots and safely stored with other contaminated wastes. This is an example of

Detoxification by phytoremediation

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that

Island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors

Which of the following is correct about genetic variation?

It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

Based on the tree below, which statement is NOT correct?

Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans

Which of the following correctly describes, or is an example of, habitat isolation?

Members of the same species never come in contact due to a geographic barrier to interbreeding

Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains?

Monera (prokaryotes)

Why is net primary production (NPP) a more useful measurement to an ecosystem ecologist than gross primary production (GPP)?

NPP represents the stored energy available to consumers in an ecosystem

Which of the following consistently improves the degree to which organisms are well suited for life in their environment?

Natural selection

Why don't similar genotypes always produce the same phenotype?

Phenotypes can vary depending upon environment

Two barnacles (Chthamalus & Balanus) Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment?

The results show that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche

What is true of pseudogenes?

They are vestigial genes

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that

They should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms

Which of the following phrases best describes an ecological niche?

an organism's specific role in community

Species richness increases

as we travel southward from the North Pole to the equator

How does a molecular clock measure time?

by counting the number of nucleotide substitutions over fixed period of time

Secondary production is

chemical energy in food that is converted to new biomass by consuming organisms

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,

choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology.

Two species of bacteria with identical fundamental niches cannot permanently coexist together in a community. This phenomenon is best described as

competitive exclusion

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

gene flow

More species tend to be found in regions subdivided by rivers, canyons, mountains, or other human-induced barriers because of

geographic isolation

In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the pq in the term 2pq is necessary because

heterozygotes have two alleles

Which of the following reproductive types of isolation illustrates post zygotic barriers?

hybrid breakdown

According to the punctuated equilibria model,

most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species.

Speciation

occurs when one species splits into two or more species

Which of the following best described the interaction between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

parasitism