Chapter 19

A patient who has difficulty finding words and has laborious, slow, and halting speech is showing signs of: A) nonfluent aphasia B) fluent aphasia C) transcortical syndrome D) word deafness

A

According to Brodmann's neuroanatomical identification scheme, Broca's area is referred to as __________, and Wernicke's area is referred to as __________. A) areas 44 and 45; area 22 B) the perisylvian region; the inferior frontal cortex C) the arcuate fasciculus; the perforant pathway D) IT; TE

A

According to Dronkers et al., damage to which language structure in the cerebral cortex leads to apraxia of speech (difficulty in producing sequences of speech sounds)? A) insula B) Broca's area C) superior temporal gyrus D) Heschl's gyrus

A

Although nonhuman primates most certainly can communicate orally with each other and with humans (if trained), these utterances seem to lack any significant: A) syntax B) semantic aspects C) emotional overtones D) reliability from one time to another

A

Changes that have occurred to the human vocal tract through the course of evolution allow humans to produce a wide range of speech sounds known as: A) formants B) phonemes C) morphemes D) morphants

A

Reduced verbal fluency and difficulties in comprehension and production of prosody have been reported following damage to the: A) right orbitofrontal cortex B) left orbitofrontal cortex C) right insular cortex D) left insular cortex

A

Results from electrical stimulation and imaging studies of concious patients suggest that: A) localizationist theories that posit strict separation of speech comprehension and production are incorrect B) localizationist theories that posit strict separation of speech comprehension and production are largely correct C) speech areas occupy a smaller proportion of cortical areas than originally thought on the basis of lesion studies D) there is surprisingly little variation in the organization of cortical language areas among subjects

A

Speech has been observed in conjunction with electrical stimulation of which subcortical structure? A) the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus B) the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus C) the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala D) mammillary bodies

A

Studies of the KE family strongly implicate the gene known as ________ in human language ability. A) FOXP2 B) LOXP2 C) FOXL2 D) FROGP2

A

The effects of direct electrical stimulation of the cortex on language functions have been confirmed using the noninvasive technique of: A) transcranial magnetic stimulation B) functional MRI C) positron emission tomography D) electroconvulsive therapy

A

The smallest meaningful units of a word are called ________. A) morphemes B) lexicals C) vowels D) phonemes

A

The vocal intonation that helps us understand the literal meaning of what people say is termed: A) prosody B) semantics C) syntax D) discourse

A

What we call "grammar" is referred to by linguists as: A) syntax B) semantic C) discourse D) lexicon

A

The conclusion that the same brain areas are involved in both speech and signing is based primarily on: A) observation that signers are usually right-handed too. B) fMRI data on signing and speech C) observations that aphasia in signers usually involves the right hemisphere D) EEG data of the brain activity

B

The language disorder known as "word deafness" falls under which of the headings of aphasic syndromes listed in the text? A) fluent aphasias B) pure aphasias C) dyslexic aphasias D) afluent aphasias

B

Which is the name given to the developmental language disorder that can be described in the following way? When one letter is present, letter naming is normal. When more than one letter is present, letter naming is difficult. Even if a letter is specially colored, underlined has an arrow pointing to it, and is pointed to by the tester, it may be named incorrectly when it is not alone. A) deep dyslexia B) attentional dyslexia C) phonological dyslexia D) surface dyslexia

B

Yerkish is ________. A) a form of sign language B) an artificial language involving keyboard symbols C) the language spoken by ancient Yerks in Yerkey D) a Pidgin language

B

_________ may refer to a disorder of language apparent in speech, in writing (in this case also called __________), or in reading (also called _______), produced by injury to brain areas specialized for these functions. A) Dysthymia; dyslexia; Wernicke's syndrome B) Aphasia; agraphia; alexia C) Agnosia; prosopagnosia; global aphasia D) Akinetopsia; achromatopsia; dyslexia

B

A neuropsychologist might choose to administer the Token Test to: A) comprehensively define the extent of a language deficit B) screen for problems with motivation and emotion C) quickly assess whether a language deficit is present D) screen for the genetic bases for a language disorder

C

A patient who can comprehend speech, produce meaningful speech, and repeat speech but has great difficulty in finding the names of objects likely has sustained damage to the: A) posterior parietal lobe B) inferior frontal lobe C) inferior temporal lobe D) superior temporal lobe

C

According to analyses of language lateralization, the only language function found to be localized strictly in the left hemisphere is: A) prosody B) speech perception C) syntax D) semantic representations

C

Aphasias are most commonly seen following blockage of the _________ cerebral artery. A) right-posterior B) left-anterior C) left-middle D) right-middle

C

Cases of brain damage in deaf individuals who use sign language suggest that the organization of gestural language: A) has its focus in the right parietal cortex, along with other spatial functions B) is inconclusive, as no particular pattern has emerged C) is very similar to that for spoken language, with the left hemisphere dominant for both D) Actually, no such cases exist, but it would be interesting if they did

C

Damage to the right hemisphere affects aspects of language, including: A) sequencing of speech B) speech rhythm perception C) generation and perception of prosody D) syntactic organization

C

Members of the KE family with the mutated form of FOXP2 show impaired performance on tests: A) of only verbal IQ. B) of only nonverbal IQ C) of verbal and nonverbal IQ D) measuring orofacial movements

C

One fact emerging from the study of brain and language is that grammar is intimately connected with: A) proper tagging of categories with phonemic tags B) automatic cognitive processes in the temporal lobe C) the use of verbs D) noun storage in the frontal lobe

C

Results of imaging studies have led to the conclusion that verb generation is: A) solely a function of Broca's area B) solely a function of the temporal cortex C) associated with activity in both the frontal and temporal cortex D) mediated by networks in the right hemisphere

C

Swadish based his hypothesis about the origins of human language on: A) the relative positioning of the larynx in humans and apes B) the fossil record C) the rate of change of dialects D) X-rays of modern and ancient skulls

C

The fundamental sounds in a language are called: A) morphenes B) lexicals C) phonemes D) vowels

C

Which neurosurgeon is responsible for mapping the language areas of the human cortex through the use of electrical stimulation given to patients before surgery? A) Wernicke B) Damasio C) Penfield D) Geschwind

C

The model-building approach to understanding the reasons for dyslexia proposes the existence of: A) a fundamental deficit in attentional processes B) multiple, interacting subsystems C) a single hierarchical language pathway for reading D) multiple, independent subsystems

D

The most appropriate diagnosis for a 10-year-old child who continually makes mistakes in reading aloud, such that semantically related words are substituted for the printed word (e.g., "puppy" is read as "dog" and "woman" is read as "mother"), would be: A) attentional dyslexia B) word aphasia C) phonological dyslexia D) deep dyslexia

D

Which is NOT a component of Wernicke's aphasia? A) the speech defect known as "word salad" B) a deficit in categorizing sounds C) impairment in writing D) speech conduction impairment

D

Which of the following four abilities proposed to be necessary for language is most likely to depend on the mirror neuron system: A) categorization B) category labeling C) sequencing of behaviors D) mimicry

D

The ability to _________ is least important for language formation. A) categorize B) form sounds C) sequence behaviors D) label categories

B

According to the dual-route theory of reading, a person who can read all familiar words without difficulty but cannot read novel words is using the: A) phonological route B) lexical route C) letter naming route D) prosodic route

B

Dronkers and colleagues conclude that apraxia of speech is caused by damage to: A) Broca's area B) the insula C) the cerebellum D) the frontal lobe

B

In the view of Kimura and others, much of the cortex devoted to language production in the left hemisphere probably evolved as elaborations of: A) parietal lobe circuits involved with location of visual stimuli B) premotor cortex circuits involved in face and hand gestures C) orbital cortex circuits involved with categorization D) memory circuits in the temporal lobe

B

Language is a combination of the following four abilities: A) categorizing, mimicry, sequencing behavior, and theory of mind B) sequencing behavior, categorizing mimicry, and category labeling C) prosody, sequencing behavior, mimicry, and object recognition D) object recognition, mimicry, sequencing behavior, and self-awareness

B

Several lines of evidence suggest that humans developed spoken language in the last: A) 20 million years B) 200,000 years C) 2 million years D) 30,000 years

B

Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation have suggested a close relationship between areas responsible for: A) language and eye movements B) language and mouth movements C) hand movements and mouth movements D) language and consciousness

B

Syntax is more generally referred to as ________. A) word flow B) grammar C) prosody D) articulation

B

Tests of language abilities in split-brain subjects show that the right hemisphere has: A) good language production but poor comprehension abilities B) good language comprehension but poor production abilities C) good language production and comprehension capabilities D) all the elements required for fluent American Sign Language use

B

The Gardners have used _______ in their research with Washoe, the chimp: A) keyboard communication B) American sign language C) Pidgin sign language D) keyboard communication, American sign language, and Pidgin sign language

B

According to MacNeilage, the critical ability associated with the development of language in humans involved changes in the: A) brain, leading to greater visuospatial abilities B) vocal tract, allowing a greater range of formants C) brain, leading to a greater range of emotional vocalization D) brain, leading to fine motor control and greater articulation

D

An alternative hypothesis for fluent aphasia posited by Dronkers and colleagues suggests that the role of the cortex of Wernicke's area is: A) long-term memory for semantic categories B) identical to that of Broca's area C) short-term memory for mouth movements D) short-term memory for speech sounds

D

An imaging study done by Damasio et al. (1996) demonstrated that: A) both temporal lobes are functionally symmetrical in nonhuman animals B) phylogenetically the temporal lobe was the last part of the brain to develop C) temporal lobe seizures actually begin in the basal ganglia D) there are separate regions in the temporal lobe for the storage of different categories of information

D