Chapter 19: Blood vessels A&P2
108) What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? A) ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis B) ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis C ) fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum D) ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres
A
62) Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? 62) A) nitric acid B) ADH C ) angiotensin II D) atrial natriuretic peptide
A
64) Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? A) tunica intima B) basement membrane C ) tunica media D) tunica externa
A
65) Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) capillaries B) arteries C ) veins D) arterioles
A
72) Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. B) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. C ) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. D) They distribute blood to various parts of the body.
A
73) Which of the following is true about veins? A) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. B) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media. C ) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall. D) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
A
74) Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) renal regulation B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes C ) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes D) neural controls Answer:
A
75) Peripheral resistance ________. A) increases as blood viscosity increases B) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel C ) increases as blood vessel diameter increases D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
A
77) Blood flow to the skin ________. A) increases when environmental temperature rises B) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze C ) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH D) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells
A
78) Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) plasma and formed element concentration C ) blood volume and viscosity D) hydrostatic pressure only
A
79) Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C ) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
A
80) Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica media B) tunica intima C ) basement membrane D) tunica externa
A
82) The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea B) always fatal C ) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis D) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
A
86) Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Low blood pressure is more desirable than high blood pressure. B) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream. C ) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them.
A
88) Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? A) the vessel selected to palpate B) activity C ) emotions D) postural changes
A
90) Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica intima B) tunica media C ) tunica adventitia D) tunica externa
A
93) Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________. A) sinusoids B) sinuses C ) anastomoses D) thoroughfare channels
A
97) Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) the dural sinus reflex B) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction C ) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide D) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers
A
101) Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A) skin temperature B) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms C ) the hypothalamic "thermostat" D) ADH
B
106) Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. A) 130/80 B) 90/55 C ) 150/90 D) 120/80
B
107) If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow? A) n o B) not necessarily C ) yes
B
110) Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) increasing heart rate B) falling blood volume C ) increasing stroke volume D) rising blood volume E) all of these
B
63) Which statement best describes arteries? A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. B) All carry blood away from the heart. C ) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. D) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
B
70) Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) rapid, thready pulse B) rapidly falling blood pressure C ) cold, clammy skin D) increased heart rate
B
91) The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. A) venules B) arterioles C ) muscular arteries D) elastic arteries
B
94) Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) activity of skeletal muscles B) urinary output C ) pressure changes in the thorax D) venous valves
B
96) Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure. B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. C ) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. D) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.
B
98) The velocity of blood flow is ________. A) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels B) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest C ) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter D) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
B
102) A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) increased incidence of coronary artery disease B) increased work of the left ventricle C ) decreased size of the heart muscle D) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
C
104) Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. A) smoking B) stress C ) arteriosclerosis D) obesity
C
61) Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A) blood volume B) peripheral resistance C ) emotional state D) cardiac output
C
66) The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________. A) coronary circulation B) cerebral circulation C ) hepatic portal circulation D) pulmonary circulation
C
67) The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) capillaries B) arterioles C ) muscular arteries D) elastic arteries
C
69) The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) C ) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure D) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
C
83) In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________. A) and osmotic pressure are the same B) generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries C ) is the same as capillary blood pressure D) is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure
C
84) The hepatic portal vein ________. A) is actually an artery B) carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava C ) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver D) carries oxygen-rich blood from the liver to the viscera
C
85) The term ductus venosus refers to ________. A) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs B) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity C ) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver D) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins
C
87) Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion? A) gas exchange in the lungs B) delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells C ) blood clotting D) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
C
95) Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 140/90 in a 70-year-old woman B) 120/80 in a 30-year-old man C ) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man D) 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman
C
100) A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A) left side of the head and neck B) left upper arm C ) myocardium of the heart D) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
D
103) The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors B) chemoreceptors C ) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D) altering blood volume
D
105) Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A) heart B) kidney C ) liver D) lungs
D
109) Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide B) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content C ) a local increase in pH D) a local increase in histamine
D
111) The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) a decrease in oxygen levels B) a decrease in carbon dioxide C ) an increase in oxygen levels D) changes in arterial pressure
D
68) Aldosterone will ________. A) decrease sodium reabsorption B) promote a decrease in blood volume C ) result in a larger output of urine D) promote an increase in blood pressure
D
71) Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) The skin will be cold and clammy. B) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. C ) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. D) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
D
76) Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level B) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons C ) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure D) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist D
D
81) The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter B) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary C ) the only factor that influences resistance D) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
D
89) Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? A) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle B) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava C ) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle D) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
D
92) Fenestrated capillaries ________. A) are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function B) are not more permeable than continuous capillaries C ) do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys D) are not found in the brain
D
99) Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is greatest where resistance is highest. B) It is relatively constant through all body organs. C ) It is measured in mm Hg. D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
D