Chapter 19 Metabolism PrepU

The energy currency of cells is ___

ATP

Which of the following statements about alcohol is true?

Alcohol interferes with the activity of liver enzymes

Which of these statements about ketones is false?

They increase blood pH when present in large amounts

A calorie is the amount of heat of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degrees celsius

True

An alternative name for vitamin C is ascorbic acid

True

BMI is not a good indicator of being overweight in children or elderly adults

True

Lactic acid can be converted into pyruvic acid

True

People who consume vegertarian diets can get their daily requirement of amino acids just by combining grains and legumes.

True

The carbohydrate that is the main source of energy for the cells is

glucose

The sugar that is the main source of energy for the cells is ___

glucose

Which of these nutrients undergoes glycolysis?

glucose

Which of these nutrients can be used for energy?

glucose fatty acids amino acids

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscle in the form of ___

glycogen

In June 2011, First Lady Michelle Obama and the USDA unveiled the federal government's new food icon, MyPlate, to help consumers make healthier food choices. The new MyPlate icon emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grains, protein, and dairy food groups. Which food group provides the most complex carbohydrates?

grains

What are the current dietary recommendations in regards to what percentage of total caloric intake should be saturated fat?

less than 10%

Which of the following takes place during a prolonged fast?

liver converts fatty acids into ketones

Which situation describes the best set-up for Dr. Ward to measure her new patient's basal metabolic rate?

measure Ms. B's energy requirements while she is supine in Treatment Room A

___ are inorganic elements that play important roles in physiologic systems

minerals

What are dietary trace elements?

minerals needed in very small amounts

The cell organelles that generate large amounts of energy in the form of ATP are the ___

mitochondria

Where do the aerobic reactions of nutrient catabolism occur?

mitochondria

Which type of nutrient are glucose and fructose?

monosaccharides

Oleic acid is a fatty acid containing a single double bond. How should oleic acid be classified?

monosaturated

An essential amino acid

must be ingested in the diet

Which of these substances is a vitamin?

niacin

Brian's body mass index is 34. This BMI indicates that Brian is ___

obese

Which of the following is NOT a process by which heat can be lost from the body?

oxidation

The basal metabolic rate can be measured when a person is:

resting

Denmark was one of the first countries to ban a certain type of fat that is artificially saturated to prevent rancidity. What kind of fat was banned?

trans-fatty acids

How many ATP are produced by the complete catabolism of one glucose molecule?

32

Normal body temperature is approximately

37 degrees C

The normal body temperature is approximately ___

37 degrees C

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ___

2 pyruvate molecules

Which of these BMI measurements is considered healthy?

20

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Catabolism involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simple ones.

False

Fruit contains lots of sugar, so it has a high glycemic effect

False

Good sources of fiber include apple juice, mashed potatoes, spaghetti, white rice, and potato chips

False

Lactic acid harms muscle cells

False

Lactic acid must be converted back into glucose before it can be used to generate ATP.

False

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is called "good cholesterol"

False

The brain can utilize free fatty acids for energy

False

The glycemic effect of a particular food depends on whether it contains saturated fats or unsaturated fats

False

The category of nutrients that exist in saturated and unsaturated forms is ___

Fats

Dietary fiber is an important component of a healthy diet. Why?

Fiber retains water and adds bulk to feces Fiber binds to intestinal fats, preventing their absorption fiber bulk makes you feel "full," thereby reducing hunger

Which if these nutrients undergoes glycolysis?

Glucose

Which of the following are major energy sources for most cells?

Glucose Fatty acids

Which of the following is an example of an anabolic reaction?

Glycerol and fatty acids are used to form a fat

Your friend is on a low-fat, high-calorie diet, consisting almost entirely of carbohydrates and protein shakes. She claims that she'll lose weight on this diet, because "fat comes from eating fat." Is she right?

No

Ketones are ___

Partially metabolized fats

A body temperature of 99 degrees F would most likely induce ___

Sweating

The essential amino acids

are found in both animal and plant proteins

Which of these nutrient types must undergo deamination before it can be used to generate ATP?

amino acids

Which of these is a class of substances that stabilizes free radicals?

antioxidants

The amount of energy consume while the body is at rest is called the ___

basal metabolic rate

The amount of energy exerted to simply stay alive is the

basal metabolic rate

The amount of energy needed to maintain the body while at rest is called the

basal metabolism

The amount of energy needed to maintain the body while at rest is called the ___

basal metabolism

Your physician has advised you to lose weight. She encourages you to add fiber and complex carbohydrates to your diet and gives you a list of nutritious food to look for at the grocery store. You stop at the prepared food section of the grocery store pick up a healthy dinner. Which of these is the best choice to get you started on your "complex carb" diet?

broccoli and lentil salad

Which of these vitamins is also known as vitamin D?

calciferol

Which nutrient undergoes glycolysis in the preliminary stage of ATP generation?

carbohydrate

Body heat can be lost through convection, radiation, evaporation, and ___

conduction

Lauren gets cold feet, but she is fortunate to have a large furry dog who likes to sleep under the covers. She places her cold feet on the snuggly dog and gains heat by the mechanism of ___

conduction

Which of these changes would be stimulated by the hypothalamus when the body is excessively cold?

constriction of the skin's blood vessels

Luka is sitting by the pool on a hot day. He starts to fan himself with his surfing magazine. Which heat transfer mechanism does fanning promote?

convection

In the My Plate guidelines, which of these categories should be consumed in the smallest amount?

dairy

Which of these changes would be stimulated by the hypothalamus when the body is excessively warm?

dilation of the skin's blood vessels

Which of these are protein components that must be consumed in the diet?

essential amino acids

Linoleic acid is an example of this type of dietary component.

essential fatty acid

Which heat transfer process is increased by profuse sweating?

evaporation

Which of these produces the most ATP per gram?

fatty acids

Which of these substances can be directly metabolized by mitochondria to generate ATP?

fatty acids

Which of these substances is a mineral?

fluoride

Yolanda is trying to get pregnant. Her midwife advises her to take supplements of a particular vitamin to protect against neural tube defects in the embryo. Which vitamin has this protective effect?

folate

Yolanda is trying to get pregnant. Her midwife advises her to take supplements of a particular vitamin to protect against neural tube defects in the embryo? Which vitamin has this protective effect?

folate

Which of these phrases describes unsaturated fats?

generally healthier than saturated fats can be converted into trans-fats contain double bonds between the carbon atoms

Linoleic acid has two double bonds. Is it a "healthy" fat or an "unhealthy" fat?

healthy

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the ___

hypothalamus

When glucose stores are low, the brain can use ___ for energy.

ketone bodies

Which of the following is not a complete protein but can become one if eaten in combination with certain grains?

kidney beans

Which of these types of fat is the healthiest?

polyunsaturated fat

In June 2011, First Lady Michelle Obama and the USDA unveiled the federal government's new food icon, MyPlate to help consumers make healthier food choices. The new MyPlate icon emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grains, protein, and dairy food groups. In which food group would you find most amino acids?

proteins

In June 2011, First Lady Michelle Obama and the USDA unveiled the federal government's new food icon, MyPlate, to help consumers make healthier food choices. The new MyPlate icon emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grains, protein, and dairy food groups. In which food group would you find the most amino acids?

proteins

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into what chemical?

pyruvic acid

Which of these substances enter the mitochondria to be broken down into carbon dioxide and water?

pyruvic acid

Which of these substances is the end product of glycolysis?

pyruvic acid

What are the end products of glycolysis?

pyruvic acid and 2 ATP

It's a hot day, and your giant furry dog insists on sitting very near (but not touching) you. The dog is losing heat (and you are gaining heat) by the mechanism of ___

radiation

Which of these terms describes heat that travels from its source as heat waves?

radiation

Another name for vitamin A is ___

retinol

Vitamin B2 is also called

riboflavin

Which of these is a complex carbohydrate?

starch, found in potatoes

Based on your knowledge of word parts, the term glycogenolysis most likely means

the breakdown of glycogen

What is deamination?

the removal of a nitrogen group from an amino acid

Which of these substances are complex organic compounds required in small amounts for metabolic reactions?

vitamins