Chapter 19 Review Questions

Define edema?

Edema is where the capillary hydrostatic pressure rises or BCOP decreases and fluid moves out of capillaries and into peripheral tissues.

The plantar venous arch carries blood to which three veins?

The plantar venous arch delivers blood to the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular veins.

Describe the respiratory pump?

The respiratory pump is when a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

Which chamber of the heart that receives blood from the systemic circuit?

The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit.

Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?

An increase in vessel diameter would reduce peripheral resistance.

Identify the conditions that would shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces.

Anything that affects BP or osmotic pressure would shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces.

Identify the largest artery in the body.

Aorta = largest artery.

Which is greater arterial pressure: arterial pressure or venous pressure?

Arterial pressure is higher than venous pressure.

Explain the function of baroreceptor reflexes.

Baroreceptor reflexes respond to changes in BP -- located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch.

Define blood flow, and describe its relationship to blood pressure and peripheral resistance.

Blood flow is the volume of blood flowing per unit of time through a vessel or group of vessels. Blood pressure is directly proportional. Peripheral resistance is inversely proportional.

Identify the veins that combine to form the brachiocephalic vein.

Brachiocephalic vein + R subclavian, external jugular, vertebral and internal jugular veins.

Describe a capillary.

Capillaries lack a tunica externa and tunica media and allow exchange between blood and interstitial fluids.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low?

Capillary pressure is low to allow time for diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid.

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?

An increase in the respiratory rate decreases CO2 levels.

Identify two veins that carry blood away from the stomach.

L/R gastroepiploic veins carry blood away from the stomach.

Briefly describe general patterns of blood vessel organization.

Largest vessels connect atria or ventricles. Single vessel might have multiple names, tissues/organs served by several arteries and veins.

Name the three branches of the internal carotid artery.

3 branches of internal carotid artery = opthalamic, anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries.

How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery?

The kidney responds to vasoconstriction of the renal artery by releasing EPO and renin.

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body.

64% systemic venous system, 13% systemic arterial system, 9% pulmonary circuit, 7% heart and 7% systemic capillaries.

Describe the pulmonary circuit.

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.

Describe the systemic circuit.

Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the rest of the body.

Name the first two branches of the common iliac artery.

Common iliac artery branches internal and external iliac arteries.

Identify the three veins that merge to form the hepatic portal vein.

Hepatic portal veins = superior menesteric, inferior mesenteric and splenic veins.

Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary?

A fluid moves into a capillary whenever blood colloid osmotic pressure (vessel) is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure(capillary).

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.

A short term regulation of decreasing BP and blood volume is Epinephrine and Epinephrine.

List the five general classes of blood vessels.

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins.

Describe auto regulation as it relates to cardiovascular function.

Auto regulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

Name the arterial structure in the neck region that contains barorecptors.

Carotid sinus has barorecpetors.

What is the function of chemoreceptor reflexes?

Chemoreceptor reflexes trigger coordinated adjustments in cardiovascular and respiratory activity.

Where are chemorecpetors located?

Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid bodies, aortic bodies, and the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata.

Describe circulatory shock, progressive shock, and irreversible shock.

Circulatory shock = positive feedback loops when blood loss exceeds 35% total volume, progressive shock = initial stage of positive feedback that accelerates tissue damage. Irreversible shock = leads to circulatory collapse.

Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta.

Deoxygenated blood goes to the placenta through the umbillical arteries and oxygenated blood returns to the fetus through the umbillical vein.

Describe the changes in cardiac output and blood flow during exercise.

During exercise cardiac output increases and more blood goes to skeletal muscles.

Identify the branches of the external carotid artery.

External carotid artery branches: superficial temporal, maxillary, occipital, facial, lingual.

Whenever Thor get angry, a large vein bulges in the lateral region of his neck. Which vein is this?

External jugular vein is the bulging one.

At what sites in the body are fenestrated capillaries located?

Fenestrated capillaries are located in choroid pleasures of the brain.

Identify the six structures that are vital to fetal circulation but cease to function at birth, and describe what becomes of these structures.

Foramen ovale --> fossa ovalis Ductus arteriosus --> ligamentum arteriosum Umbillical vessels --> fibrous cords

What is the function of hemangioblasts?

Hemagioblasts form embryonic blood cells and vascular endothelium.

Describe the function of the hepatic portal system, and name its primary vessel.

Hepatic portal system directs blood with absorbed nutrients to liver for processing. The primary vessel is the hepatic portal vein.

What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins?

If a valve in a vein is weak, blood will pool and distort the vein.

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.

Immediate, short term problems of hemorrhage is to maintain BP and peripheral blood flow. Long-term problems is restore normal blood volume.

In a healthy person, where is blood pressure greater: in the aorta or in the inferior vena cava? Explain.

In a healthy person blood pressure is greater in the aorta than the inferior vena cava.

Identify the major branches of the inferior vana cava.

Inferior vena cava branches = lumbar veins, gonadal veins, hepatic veins, renal veins, adrenal veins and phrenic veins.

Trace the path of a drop of blood from the L ventricle to the R hip joint.

L ventricle --> ascending/arch and descending aorta --> thoracic aorta --> abdominal aorta --> R external iliac artery --> femoral artery --> deep femoral artery

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides.

Natriuretic peptides increase Na+ loss in urine and increase in water loss in urine, reduce thirst, inhibit ADH and aldosterone, Epi, and Norepi, and lead to vasodialation.

Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors?

Neural and endocrine regulating mechanis,s influence heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure.

A blockage of which branch of the aortic arch would interfere with blood flow to the left arm?

The L subclavian artery would interfere with blood flow to the left arm.

Describe the structure and function of the cerebral arterial circle.

The circle of wills circles the infundibulum and reduces livelihood of interruption of cerebral blood flow.

Which vessel collects most of the venous blood inferior to the diaphragm?

The inferior vena cava collects most of the blood inferior to the diaphragm.

Name the veins that drain the dural sinuses of the brain.

The internal jugular veins drain the dural sinuses of the brain.

List the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the visceral organs.

The unpaired branches of the adbominal aorta = celiac trunk, superior menesteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery.

Besides containing valves, cite another major difference between the arterial and venous systems.

There are superficial and deep veins in the neck and limbs.

Define tissue perfusion.

Tissue perfusion is the blood flow through the tissues.

Why are valves located veins but not in arteries?

Valves are located in veins not arteries because veins need to go against gravity and prevent back flow.

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity?

Valves compartmentalize the blood within the veins, thereby dividing the weight of the blood between compartments.

List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance.

Vascular resistance, viscosity, and turbulence contribute to total peripheral resistances.

Calculate the arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70.

70 + (125-70)/3 = 88.3mmHg

What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form?

A blood island is the first type of blood vessel forming tissue forming from hematopoietic stem cells and hemangioblasts.

Name the two arteries formed by the division of the brachiocephalic trunk.

A brachiocephalic trunk splits into the R subclavian and the R common carotid arteries.

A blood clot that blocks the popliteal vein would interfere with blood flow in which other veins?

Blockage in popliteal vein interferes with tibial and fibular vein and small saphrenous vein.

Identify the two types of capillaries with a complete endothelial.

Continuous capillaries and fenestrated capillaries.

Distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels.

Efferent vessels = arteries --> blood away from the heart Afferent vessels = veins --> blood towards the heart Exchange vessels = capillaries

Identify the compensatory mechanisms that respond to blood loss.

Increase in cardiac output, mobilization or venous blood, peripheral vasoconstriction and release of hormones that promote fluid retention are responses to blood loss.

Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits.

Pulmonary circuit = deoxygenated blood from R ventricle to lungs and returns oxygenate blood to the L atrium. Systemic circuit = oxygenated blood from L ventricle to body and deoxygenated blood to R atrium.

Explain the equation R alpha 1/r^4.

R alpha 1/r^4 states that R is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius (r) --> a small change in vessel diameter results in a large change in resistance.

Trace the path of a drop of blood from the R forearm to the R atrium.

R radial/ulnar vein --> R brachial --> R axillary vein --> R subclavian --> R brachiocephalic --> superior vena cava --> R atrium.

Grace is in an automobile accident, and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs will be affected most directly by this injury?

The stomach, spleen, liver, small intestine, esophagus, gallbladder would be affect by the celiac trunk.

Name the two large veins that collect blood from the systemic circuit.

The superior and inferior vena cava collect blood from systemic circuit.

Compare a ventricular septal defect with tetralogy of Fallot.

Ventricular septal defect = opening in interventricular septum Tetralogy of Fallot = pulmonary trunk is narrow, ventricular septum is incomplete aorta originates where septum ends, R ventricle is larger.

Trace a drop of blood through the lungs beginning at the R ventricle and ending at the L atrium.

R ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> R/L pulomary arteries --> pulmonary arterioles --> alveols --> pulmonary venules --> pulmonary veins --> L atrium