Chapter 19: The Beginnings of Modernization : Industrialization and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Otto Von Bismarck

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

James Hargreaves

1764, a Brit who invented the spinning jenny - hand operated, sped up spinning by forming eight threads at one time thus increasing output of yarn.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party

The Communist Manifesto

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Mass Politics

A political order characterized by mass political parties and universal male and (eventually) female suffrage.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Friedrich Engels

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

Prince Klemens Von Metternich

Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna

Joint-Stock Investment Bank

Banks which mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could then be plowed back into industry

Florence Nightengale

Born to a wealthy family, felt called to nursing, family opposed her becoming a nurse. Developed Nightengale Training School for Nursing. Created the modern nursing profession.

Queen Victoria

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement

Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria. Responsible for dual-monarchy. Lost to France and Sardinia, leading to reforms in government.

George Stevenson

Engineer who built the first inner city rail lines that used locomotive. Created the Rocket (worlds first locomotive)

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). -wanted government run by the workers of industries, had a following (Marxist), saw communism as end result of an essential historical proces

Anti-Semitism

Hatred of Jews

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy.

William I

He would oversee the rise of Germany into one of the most powerful nations in the world

The Eastern Question

In Western Europe this was the name given to the problem of what to do with the whole Polish-Turkish tract of land which stretched though Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine into Egypt - particularly as the Powers of Poland and Turkey decayed.

Henry Cort

In the 1780s, Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). Cort also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form.

Liberalism

In the early 19th century this political ideology focused on maximizing human freedoms and limiting the power of the government over the individual -- It supported written constitutions; freedom of speech, religion, and the press; and laissez-faire economics

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Proletariat

Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Reform Act of 1867

Lowered the monetary requirements for voting which increased the number of voters from about one million to slightly over two million.

Conservationism

Movement in America to begin preserving natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of these resources and land.

Alexander III

Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894)

Revolutionary Socialism

Radical; did not believe in working with government because it was beyond repair causing a violent revolution to get greater justice and equality for the people

Balkan Crises (1908-1913)

Revolt in the Ottoman's Balkan territory that almost destroyed the empire; Russia helped the rebel states win and imposed a harsh treaty against the Turks (1876-78)

Slavophiles

Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people.

Westernizers

Russians who believed that Western ways were the key to solving Russian problems

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Ausgleich

The "Compromise" of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch.

Count Camillo De Cavour

The prime minister of piedmont who organized the italian unification movement

Legitimacy

The principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power. For example, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons to power in France.

Revisionism

The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war

Class Struggle

conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)

Richard Trevithick

creator of steam powered locomotive that could pull 10 tons of iron (1804 English engineer)

Edmund Cartwright

invented the power loom; machine to weave yarn into fabric. His power loom allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with yarn production.

Reform Act of 1832

passed by parliament; redistributed seats in the House of Commons, giving representation to large towns and cities and eliminating rotten boroughs

Anarchists

people who oppose all forms of organized government

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

Intervention

situation in which a nation or group of nations use their official reserves to supply or demand a currency in order to alter the exchange rate